An Attempted Robbery

One evening when the sun was about to set, my mother asked me to go and buy some onions and salt from the nearby sundry shop. The shop is run by Samy, a jovial middle-age Indian man with a huge pot-belly. His wife and two young children, a boy and a girl, help him run the shop. It was almost completely dark when I reached the shop. Samy had switched on the lights in his small but adequately stocked shop. He was alone at the time and I was the only customer. Samy greeted me with a huge smile. I always wanted to ask him how he kept his teeth so sparkling white but I was afraid to ask. Anyway I told him what I wanted to buy and he went about getting the things for me. Next door to Samy’s shop is a coffee shop run by another Indian man. It was still open at the time. From the coffee shop emerged two men. They came into Samy’s shop and I could smell the overpowering smell of beer coming from these two men. Both of them were young but from the way they half-walked half-staggered into the shop it was obvious they had a bit too much to drink. I kept a safe distance from these men. It is never a good idea to be near drunks. One never knows what they will do next. True enough, my caution was justified, for the next moment, without any warning, one of the men swept a pile of tinned goods from a table onto the floor. In a second the neat rows were reduced to utter chaos. The man who did it roared out in laughter. I could see Samy’s anger rising. He raised his voice. As if in reply to his retort, the two men started shouting obscenities at him. Then suddenly a knife appeared in one of the men’s hand. The man that held the knife was small and wiry and judging from the muscles in his hand I had no doubt he was very strong. The knife-man lunged and in a flash he had the point of his knife at Samy’s throat. Samy froze and his face paled. I was so overwhelmed by the suddenness of events that the next thing I knew I could not move my hands, nor the other parts of my body. I was held in a vice-like grip by the other man. I did not even see him coming. I struggled but all I could do was to make the grip tighten more. I got difficult to breathe. I heard a lot of shouting and I could see the knife-man slapping Samy. Reluctantly Samy opened the drawer where he kept his cash and the knife-man leaned over and made a grab for the cash. That was a big mistake he made. For a fleeting moment his knife was forgotten and in that short moment Samy seized his chance. Samy’s huge right hand came down hard over the back of the leaning man’s head. The force of the blow carried the man’s head right down hard onto the table. There was a sickening thud when face met table. The knife-man’s head rebounded like a rubber ball from the table and I could see blood all over his face. He was badly hurt. The knife dropped from lifeless hands on the floor. Moving with surprising speed, Samy grabbed a bottle of tomato ketchup from a shelf and broke it over the man’s head. Red tomato ketchup splattered all over the place. I could not distinguish how much of the red stuff on the man’s face was his own blood, or tomato ketchup. Slowly he sank to the floor and lay still. I struggled to get loose. I felt so easy. Then I realized that hands no longer held me. I turned around and saw the dark figure of a man running out of the shop and disappearing into the semi-darkness. I was about to go in pursuit but Samy stopped me. He said it was useless pursuing somebody in the dark. Moreover the man could be armed and that would be dangerous. Ten minutes later the shop was filled with curious people all wanting to know what had happened. The knife-man was herded into a police car. Samy and I had to give our statements to the police. When I arrived home half an hour later, my mother was waiting impatiently for me. She was about to lecture me about being so slow in getting a few things but she stopped and listened dumbfounded while I related the recent events to her. When I finished she smiled and said that she was glad I was not injured.

Visual Analysis

Visual Analysis of Mediated Images Though a visual may be analysed in many ways, of late a convention has been established to study under Six major schools of thought. 1. The personal perspective deals with an emotional subjective opinion. ‘What do I think of the picture’. It’s the first response or first thought that crosses your mind on viewing the picture. It bears personal bias and prejudices. 2. The historical perspective helps to determine the importance of the work based on the time period that it was created in. ‘When was this created?What was the social setup at that period of time? 3. The technical perspective tries to draw a relation b/w the medium and the message. ‘What medium has been used to create the message? How has the creator expressed himself through the medium chosen. 4. The ethical perspective looks at the moral and ethical responsibilities of the artist. ‘What are the moral responsibilities of the creator? Is his portrayal of the image ethical? 5. The cultural perspective relates the symbols used in the image to the society. ‘What symbols has the creator used?What is the message conveyed by them? 6. The critical perspective is a rational conclusion that the viewer draws from the image. It is a personal reaction though free of bias and prejudice. ‘What have I concluded after critically analyzing the picture? How different was my first opinion from the second? Aim of Critical analysis: A producer of messages must have an understanding of the culture of the audience and use symbols that are comprehensible by them. It helps a viewer understand, interpret and appreciate art. List all the  Objects and  ElementsOne must notice all the objects and elements in the picture and draw a distinction between the most important and the less important. The placements of elements gives a sense of movement within the picture hence the positioning of objects must be noted. Centre, left, right, top and bot tom. Shadows and lighting suggest what part is in focus and give a sense of depth. The location helps in interpretation of the message. One must categorize the purpose as news, art, personal, or any other. The List †¢ 4 girls †¢ Water †¢ Old building †¢ Small boys †¢ Road The Composition Placement of Objects Foreground: Girls in centre †¢ Background: Water + Kids (left) playing †¢ Background: Brightly lit Building on the right †¢ Background: High contrast / Darker building behind the boys The girls in the centre are the subject of the picture. The water in the background seems to be coming from a nearby hose pipe or fire hydrant. The girls seem drenched in water. One can see small boys still playing in the water in the background. Study visual cues Shadows and lighting †¢Illuminated building on right hand side †¢Light source is in front of the girls at an angle above them †¢Building behind the boys is in shady regionThe light an d shadow suggests its little after 15:00 hours. It sets the mood of summer and playful indulgence of kids by drenching themselves. There is a sense of innocence. Study visual cues†¦ Colour †¢Objective- perception of colour & its characteristics †¢Comparative- association of colour with objects, events, emotions †¢Subjective- Every different colour has different associations in different cultures and societies. †¢The girls dark complexion. †¢The light shades worn suggests summer season. †¢The dark shades suggests old and shanty town. Form The triangle shape of the girls is a dynamic shape. ts base gives a sense of stability. They are also in a group and seem like a whole unit. The buildings give a sense of serenity and form the base for the girls that seem in front of it. ‘Eight' depth Cues Many representational visual texts give a very strong feeling of depth despite the fact that they are painted on flat surfaces that lack any depth. In tryi ng to depict depth, there are several restrictions on the techniques that an artist can use. First, most visual texts, like paintings, drawings, illustrations, and photographs, are two-dimensional.There is no actual depth in the artwork so one must understand, at least intuitively, what information is in the environment that allow us to perceive depth. These sources of information are commonly called depth or distance cues. A consequence of the two-dimensional nature of painting and pictures is that we lose all the depth information that comes from the fact that we have two eyes. These binocular, or two-eye, depth cues require true depth and thus we will not discuss them in context with conventional visual texts. For example, there is the binocular depth cue called disparity.Disparity arises from the fact that our two eyes have a slightly different view of the world. To allow you to see disparity requires either real depth or two images developed as if from different positions like our eyes. The artist, in trying to paint or draw, is, therefore, limited to depth cues that (a) need no more than one eye to work, and (b) do not require a moving world. Fortunately there are a collection of such depth cues, a subset of monocular cues called pictorial cues by some authors (Goldstein, 1989). 1. Interposition 2. Space 3. Size 4. Colour 5. Lighting 6. Textural gradient 7. Time 8.Perspective 1. Interposition The first depth cue to be discussed here is interposition which is the partial blocking of a more distant object by a nearer object. Note how the the building is blocked by the girls. In fact, if you notice the kid behind the girls on your right is partially blocking the building too. But, it is the girls who land up blocking him too. Thus creating an illusion as to what is in the background and what is in the front. It is the interposition, overlap, that causes the sense of depth to arise. Usually the impression of depth caused by interposition alone is not very st rong.Notice the foreground figures of two girls with partially blocked figures of other two taking a piggy ride, which are all that are important for our present purposes. Here relative size and even relative height play little role in giving the depth order of the various figures (all the figures are roughly the same level and same size). Shadowing plays an important role in giving each of the figures their sense of three-dimensionality, but to tell who is in what position relative to another, the principle cue is interposition. 2. Space Space is the frame in which an image is located.With a natural scene, the space depends on how close you are to the subject. Standing in an open field gives the feeling of a large amount of space and enhances the feeling of depth. If an object is close to the eyes, depth perception is limited. Distance is related to space and helps in our perception of depth. There is a lot of space behind the girls suggesting they are far from the buildings. The w ater is in the background and the wet girls suggest they had been in the water previously. 3. Size Size can help create the illusion of the depth perception if the viewer is aware of the object’s actual size.A jumbo jet seen from a distance is a small bird sized object. If someone has no idea what the jumbo jets are, then the viewer does not react to this depth cue. Likewise, in this photograph we can guess average size (both height and size) and average size of two storied building in the backdrop we become aware of the depth (both in terms of space and distance) between the girls (foreground) and the building (background). Size, consequently, is closely related to our ability to determine an object’s distance. Distance is related to space and helps in our perception of depth. Size also is related to scale and mental attention.Without knowing an object’s size, we have to view it next to an object of known size in order to determine its size. 4. Colour Correct i nterpretation of colour, and especially lighting cues, allows the beholder to determine the shape of objects, and thus their arrangement in space. The colour of distant objects is also shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum. (e. g. distant mountains. ) Painters, notably Cezanne, employ â€Å"warm† pigments (red, yellow and orange) to bring features forward towards the viewer, and â€Å"cool† ones (blue, violet, and blue-green) to indicate the part of a form that curves away from the picture plane.High contrast pictures with great differences between light and dark tones seem closer than objects with more neutral tones colour. 5. Lighting The exact shape and description of the shadows changes depending on the direction of the light. There are certain general rules about shadows. First, in a place with only one source of light, e. g. outside, the shadows from all the objects in the area all go in the same direction. As a corollary of this rule, it is certainly true for all natural lights, and for most artificial lights, that the light comes from above to some degree.We do not usually experience getting illuminated from the floor. Second, for a solid object sticking up the side of the object in shadow is the side away from the light but for a hole in the ground, the shadow is on the side near the light. Shadow can play a very powerful role in defining form by giving the object a three-dimensional feel as in the title to this page. In addition, artists can take good advantage of shadow to define form by highlighting how different portions of an object are at different depths and herefore the object closer to the light will cast a shadow on the more distant object. Shadow can play a broader role in defining depth between objects since objects that are in shadow must be farther from the light than objects that are not in shadow. Differences in light intensities can communicate depth. Carefully crafted lighting design provides subject’s sep aration from background. If brightness level of the back light is slightly higher than the lights in front then this separation is more distinct. However, no backlight has been used in this photograph.Yet, the prevalence of shadows (largely in mid-space of the picture plane and the shows of the subject indicate subject’s volume and provides the viewer with reasonable illusion of depth perspective. 6. Textural gradient Related in a sense to relative size but a depth cue in its own right is what has been termed texture gradient. Most surfaces, such as walls and roads and a field of flowers in bloom, have a texture. As the surface gets farther away from us this texture gets finer and appears smoother (Gibson, 1950). A surface or field that recedes in depth has a texture that gets finer.That is very different from a wall where the surface is approximately the same distance from a person at all points. For example, imagine yourself standing and staring at a brick wall which, inste ad of receding in depth like a cobblestone road, rises up in front of you. Here the texture, in this case the brick alternating with the mortar, will have about the same roughness all over the surface and provide a clue that the surface does not recede in depth. In addition, texture may play a role in helping us determine the size of an object.Regardless of how far an object is away from us, it covers roughly the same amount of surface, and thus texture, which can help us determine the actual size of an object (Gibson, 1950). 7. Time Time and space are intricately related concepts that find expression in visual messages. In one sense, time as a depth cue refers to the first element a viewer sees in a frame. That picture will be in the foreground of the viewer’s mind, with other images seen later in the background. 8. Perspective It is a complex depth perception cue due to cultural factor which comes into play each time we try to interpret depth.However, Perspective, in the co ntext of vision and visual perception, is the way in which objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes, or their dimensions and the position of the eye relative to the objects. As objects become more distant, they appear smaller, because their angular diameter (visual angle) decreases. Perspective is also seen in the way the parallel lines of how railway tracks appear to be meeting at a distant point (the vanishing point) on the horizon. When used in this sense, the ‘horizon' is always at the level of the viewer's eye.Because the Earth is round, the true horizon (the line dividing the surface and the sky) is lower than this level. The difference is imperceptibly small when standing on the surface, but noticeable from great height (a person standing on a mountain can see further than someone at ground level). According to Evelyn Hatcher, there are three major forms of perspective which she details in her book Visual Metaphors: A Methodological Study in Visual Co mmunication. These are as follows: Illusionary Perspective: An illusionary perspective can be achieved through size, colour, lighting, interposition, and linear perspective.When you stand on a railroad track and look down the ties, the steel rails seem to converge into a single area, or vanishing point, in the distance. This trait of parallel lines when seen at a distance is called linear perspective. This aspect of illusionary perspective that provides the illusion of three dimensional depth in a painting or a photograph is what artists were trying to duplicate with the aid of Leonardo box and camera obscura. Geometrical Perspective: In geometrical perspective the artist shows near figures in the lower portion of the picture and objects farther away higher in the frame on a vertical line above the near object.This type of perspective is common among traditional Japanese and Mayan artwork. Children often exhibit this type of perspective in their drawings. Conceptual Perspective: Con ceptual perspective is compositional trait that relies on a more symbolic definition of depth perception than the other types of perspective. It can be divided into two types: multi-view and social. With the multi-view perspective, a viewer can see many different sides of an object at the same time. The picture is often an X-ray, or transparent, view of the object. Near objects overlap far objects only by the outside edges or lines that make up their shapes.Pablo Picasso liked to use this type of perspective. In social perspective the most important person in a group picture, a government or corporate leader, is larger in size than other, less important people. A viewer often assumes power relationships because of social perspective. In a picture of a couple the man’s dominance over the woman often is signified by the man being nearer and larger in the frame with his hand resting on or arm wrapped around the woman’s shoulder. Over the past three decades, the feminist m ovement has made advertisers and others more sensitive to nonverbal negative stereotypes such as these. Depth 8’ Depth cues 1. Interposition 2. Space 3. Size 4. Colour 5. Lighting 6. Textural gradient 7. Time 8. Perspective Many representational visual texts give a very strong feeling of depth despite the fact that they are painted on flat surfaces that lack any depth. In trying to depict depth, there are several restrictions on the techniques that an artist can use. First, most visual texts, like paintings, drawings, illustrations, and photographs, are two-dimensional. There is no actual depth in the artwork so one must understand, at least intuitively, what information is in the environment that allow us to perceive depth.These sources of information are commonly called depth or distance cues. A consequence of the two-dimensional nature of painting and pictures is that we lose all the depth information that comes from the fact that we have two eyes. These binocular, or two- eye, depth cues require true depth and thus we will not discuss them in context with conventional visual texts. For example, there is the binocular depth cue called disparity. Disparity arises from the fact that our two eyes have a slightly different view of the world.To allow you to see disparity requires either real depth or two images developed as if from different positions like our eyes. The artist, in trying to paint or draw, is, therefore, limited to depth cues that (a) need no more than one eye to work, and (b) do not require a moving world. Fortunately there are a collection of such depth cues, a subset of monocular cues called pictorial cues by some authors (Goldstein, 1989). The first depth cue to be discussed here is interposition which is the partial blocking of a more distant object by a nearer object. Note how the the building is blocked by the girls.Infact, if you notice the kid behind the girls on your right is partially blocking the building too. But, it is the gir ls who land up blocking him too. Thus creating an illusion as to what is in the background and what is in the front. It is the interposition, overlap, that causes the sense of depth to arise. Usually the impression of depth caused by interposition alone is not very strong. Notice the foreground figures of two girls with partially blocked figures of other two taking a piggy ride, which are all that are important for our present purposes.Here relative size and even relative height play little role in giving the depth order of the various figures (all the figures are roughly the same level and same size). Shadowing plays an important role in giving each of the figures their sense of three-dimensionality, but to tell who is in what position relative to another, the principle cue is interposition. There is a lot of space behind the girls suggesting they are far from the buildings. The water is in the background and the wet girls suggest they had been in the water previously. Movement â⠂¬ ¢The girls have moved fro near the water to the position they are in now.Where was the picture made? What do u think was its purpose? * The picture seems to be clicked in some Afro-American suburb. * It could have been taken to accompany a feature article on the summer heat. Personal Perspective * What do I think of the visual? * Omniphasism â€Å"All in Balance† * Rick Williams philosopher, photographer ; educator at the University of Oregon * Theory that combines the rational and intuitive aspects of the mind. Omniphasism was thought of by Rick Williams, a philosopher, photographer, and educator at the University of Oregon develop the theory Omniphasism.It’s a theory that attempts to combine the rational and intuitive aspects of the mind into a balanced whole. William uses 8 steps for analyzing a visual message, using his Omniphasism tech called a â€Å"personal Impact Assessment† What is my first emotional response to the visual? Do I like it? Dislike it? How do I feel about the image? Its a picture of teenage girls who have just played in water. It’s pleasant to look at. Personal Impact Assessment â€Å"Part of the idea of going from primary words to associative words to significant words is to move away from Literal interpretation of the photo to a symbolic understanding of it. ~  Rich Williams Personal Impact Assessment 8 Steps: 1. Take time with the image 2. List Primary Words 3. List associative words 4. Select the most important associative words 5. Pair primary and associative words 6. Relate each pair to yourself 7. Review your inner symbolism 8. Write a story Take time with the Image * Does the story Stimulate or Alienate? Its an isolated moment that rests on composition. * What is the story or message? Some girls played in the water to beat the heat. List Primary Words * Visual Cues * Objects * Feelings Primary words * Group of 4 girls * Water * Sun Old buildings * Light shade clothes List Associative Words Observ e each primary word and link it to your thought. One must write down all words that come to ones mind on reading each of the primary words. Associative words * Group of 4 girls :  happy, wet, Afro American * Water:  Hose pipe, Fire hydrant * Sun:  Summer, heat, daytime * Old buildings:  poor neighbourhood * Happy :  cool, relaxed Select the most important associative words Among the associative words one word would be closest to its primary word underline or select that word. This is the most important associative word.Choose one word out of the associative words for each primary word. Pair Primary and Associative words Write the primary and most important associative word together. * Group of 4 girls :  Afro American * Water:  Fire hydrant * Sun:  Summer-heat * Old buildings:  poor neighbourhood * Happy :  cool Relate each pair to Yourself Make note of the thoughts that come to your mind on viewing each pair of words. What does each pair suggest? * Group of 4 gi rls :  Afro american  poor * Water:  Fire hydrant  wet, sultry * Sun:  Summer-heat scorcher * Old buildings:  poor neighborhood unaffordability of luxury * Happy   cool  relief Review your Inner Symbolism See if the conclusions drawn from the pairs link to any conflict, event, emotion, value or feeling. * List inner conflicts, emotions, values or feelings The summer heat is hard to bear . Water is natures boon to mankind Write a story Add up all your thoughts and write a summary or a story. What is the story in the image? A group of Afro-American girls decide to cool of in the summer heat by playing with some water from a fire hydrant. Historical Perspective * When do you think was the image made? In the 1980’s or after. Is there a specific style that the image imitates? The historical perspective helps to understand current trends in terms of their roots in technology and philosophies of the past. Where did the image come from? What was the setup at that time ? What is the background of the image? these questions help us to infer meanings. Technical Perspective One can evaluate the production techniques. Has the producer used the technology at hand to its best in generating the message? Has it aided in delivering the message as intended effectively. * What medium has been used? film * What techniques were employed?A street shot clicked without the subject noticing it been taken * How was it produced? With an SLR camera * Is it of good quality? yes (look at grain size, gama, composition, content, shutter speed etc. ) Ethical Perspective This is the moral and ethical analysis of the visual. It applies to both the viewer and the producer of the visual. Categorical Imperative * Immanuel Kant, German philosopher from the east principality of KOnisberg 18th Century * Categorical (unconditional / without exception) * â€Å"Right is Right† * Do your duty The right thing must be done under even the most extreme conditions.Once a rule is es tablished for a proposed action or idea, behavior and actions must be consistently applied and always in accordance with it. One does his/ her duty. In the ethics of the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, founder of critical philosophy, a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of which does not depend on any ulterior motive or end. â€Å"Thou shalt not steal,† for example, is categorical as distinct from the hypothetical imperatives associated with desire, such as â€Å"Do not steal if you want to be popular. For Kant there was only one such categorical imperative, which he formulated in various ways. â€Å"Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law† is a purely formal or logical statement and expresses the condition of the rationality of conduct rather than that of its morality, which is expressed in another Kantian formula: â€Å"So act as to tr eat humanity, whether in your own person or in another, always as an end, and never as only a means. † Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham ; John Stuart Mill (British Philosophers) * Belief: â€Å"The greatest good for the greatest number of people† * Analysis of the consequence : Outcome must do good to most people In ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.Utilitarianism is an effort to provide an answer to the practical question â€Å"What ought a man to do? † Its answer is that he ought to act so as to produce the best consequences possible. Eg: A gruesome image must be published or printed only if it would evoke a positive reaction in maximum of the viewe rs. Hedonism Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is of ultimate importance, the most important pursuit. The name derives from the Greek word for â€Å"delight†. * A student of Socrates, Aristippus founded this ethical philosophy on the basis of pleasure. Aristippus believed that people should â€Å"act to maximize pleasure† now and not worry about the future. * He referred to intellectual pleasure not physical. * Pleasures of the mind * â€Å"I Possess I am not Possessed† * Aesthetic pleasure that we get out of a picture Golden Mean  (Finding a compromise b/w the two extreme points of an action or view. In philosophy, especially that of Aristotle, the golden mean is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. To the Greek mentality, it was an attribute of beauty.Both ancients and moderns realized that â€Å"there is a close association in mathematics between beauty and truth†. The poet John Keats, in his Od e on a Grecian Urn, put it this way: Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. The Greeks believed there to be three concomitants of beauty: symmetry, proportion, and harmony. This triad of principles infused their life. They were very much attuned to beauty as an object of love and something that was to be imitated and reproduced in their lives, architecture, Paideia and politics.They judged life by this mentality. Golden Rule * â€Å"Love your neighbor as yourself† * Be humane do not harm others by your actions The Golden Rule which stems from ethic of reciprocity is a fundamental moral value which â€Å"refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and duties, and the subordinate norm of complementarity states that one's rights are the other's obligation. † In essence, it is an ethical code that states one has a right to just treatment, and a responsibility to ensure justice for others .Reciprocity is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights, though it is not without its critics. Many assign the imperative commandment of Golden Rule as instruction for a positive only form of reciprocity. A key element of the golden rule is that a person attempting to live by this rule treats all people, not just members of his or her in-group with consideration. The golden rule, with roots in a wide range of world cultures, is well suited to be a standard to which different cultures could appeal in resolving conflicts.Principal philosophers and religious figures have stated it in different ways. Veil of Ignorance John Rawls (1971) â€Å"Put the shoe on the other foot. * All people are equal * Eliminating all prejudice and discrimination The original position is a hypothetical situation developed by American philosopher John Rawls as a thought experiment to replace the imagery of a savage state of nature of prior political philosophers like Thomas H obbes. In social contract theory, persons in the state of nature agree to the provisions of a contract that defines the basic rights and duties of citizens in a civil society.In Rawls's theory, Justice as Fairness, the original position plays the role that the state of nature does in the classical social contract tradition of Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke. The original position figures prominently in his book, A Theory of Justice, and it is one of the most influential ideas in twentieth-century philosophy. It has influenced a variety of thinkers from a broad spectrum of philosophical orientations.As a thought experiment, the original position is a hypothetical designed to accurately reflect what principles of justice would be manifest in a society premised on free and fair cooperation between citizens, including respect for liberty, and an interest in reciprocity. Questions to be asked while analysing a visual from Ethical / Moral Perspective†¦ as per Dr Demi Elliot Poynter Jamison, chair, Media Ethics & Press Policy at the University of South Florida at St. Petersberg. 1. Does the taking and displaying of the picture fit the social responsibility of the professional involved? 2.Has any ones rights been violated in taking and displaying the picture? 3. Does the display of the image meet the needs of the viewer? 4. Is the picture aesthetically appealing? 5. Does the picture choice reflect moderation? 6. Does the professional choice reflect empathy for the subjects experience? 7. Could a professional justify the choice if he/she didn’t know which of the parties (subject, shooter or viewer) he/ she would turn out to be? 8. Does the visual Image cause unjustified harm Cultural Perspective * Identify the Symbols used, and * Determine their Meaning for the society as a whole. What is the story and the symbolism involved with the elements in the visual message? * What do they say about current cultural values? (It is related to the semiotic process) The story revolves around the Afro-American people in the United States of America. Historically, the country has been dominated by a settler society of religiously and ethnically diverse Whites. The heaviest burdens of racism in the country have fallen upon Native Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans and some other immigrant groups and their descendants.Major racially structured institutions include slavery, Indian reservations, segregation, residential schools (for Native Americans), and internment camps. Racial stratification has occurred in employment, housing, education and government. Formal racial discrimination was largely banned in the mid-20th century, and it came to be perceived as socially unacceptable and/or morally repugnant as well, yet racial politics remain a major phenomenon as witnessed during the 44th Presidential Elections. Racist attitudes, or prejudice, are still held by moderate portions of the U. S population.Membe rs of every American ethnic group have perceived racism in their dealings with other groups. Critical Perspective An analysis of a visual to arrive at a ‘Rational', ‘Objective' and ‘Thoughtful' Conclusion. What is my final opinion about the picture? How does my current view differ from the previous? Conclusion â€Å"Analysis is ego-driven. The main thing is that it always reveals the person making the analysis — not really the piece itself? ~  David Lodge It’s a cyclic process. You will find below four images. You may undertake a visual analysis, based on what you have learnt so far:

Public Health Issue Diabetes Mellitus Health And Social Care Essay

This assignment will turn to the public wellness issue of the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus ( diabetes ) and explore links with wellness inequalities both nationally and locally. It will discourse the models available which give counsel for criterions of attention for diabetes patients and their influence on diabetes attention. It will so critically discourse the issue of diabetes direction in relation to patient instruction and the ability of patients to self-manage their chronic long-run status, measuring both the function of both healthcare professionals and persons in accomplishing the best possible healthy results. It will so discourse whether all people get the same degree of diabetes attention, in peculiar focussing on people who are non able to go to GP surgeries. Public wellness is defined as â€Å" The scientific discipline and art of promoting and protecting wellness and well-being, forestalling sick wellness and protracting life through the organized attempts of society † ( Faculty of Public Health 2008 ) . Health equality is a cardinal component of societal justness and as such justifies the authorities and other wellness bureaus to work in coaction to develop wellness policies which improve the populace ‘s wellness regardless of societal category, income, gender or ethnicity through advancing healthier life styles and protecting them from infective diseases and environmental jeopardies ( Griffiths & A ; Hunter 2007 ) . Yet many wellness inequalities still exist in the UK, some of which will be discussed in this paper. There are preponderantly two types of diabetes mellitus ( diabetes ) ; type 1 diabetes occurs when the organic structure does non bring forth any insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when the organic structure does non bring forth adequate insulin to work decently or when the organic structure cells do non respond to insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the most common and histories for around 90 five per cent of people with diabetes. If left untreated both types of diabetes can take to farther complications which include bosom disease, shot, sightlessness, and kidney failure ( Who 2011 ) . Life anticipation is reduced by up to 10 old ages in those with this type of disease ( Whittaker, 2004 ) . In the bulk of instances, type 2 diabetes is treated with lifestyle alterations such as eating healthier, weight loss, and increasing physical exercising ( Diabetes UK, 2007b ) . There are presently 2.6 million people in theA UKA with diabetes, and it is thought up to a farther 1.1 million are undiagnosed. ( DiabetesA UK, 2010 ) .A Other grounds suggests that approx 50 % of people are non cognizant they have the status, populating a normal life with lone mild symptoms ( mention ) . Work force are twice more likely to hold undiagnosed diabetes, than adult females, possible because on norm they tend to see their GP lupus erythematosus ( Nursingtimes.net 2009 ) . Diabetes is one of the most widespread chronic diseases, which is potentially life endangering. It is presently thought to be the taking 4th disease doing decease in most developed states worldwide with estimated prevalence of 285 million people. Most experts agree that more than 4 million people in the UK will hold Type 2 diabetes by 2025 with potentially 5.5 million life with this chronic status by 2030 ( Diabetes UK 2010, and International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) 2010 ) . These statistics are galvanizing ; type 2 diabetes is one of the biggest challenges confronting the UK today with people frequently treated wholly by the National Health Service ( NHS ) who provide attention for all degrees of diabetes. Diabetess control is considered hapless in Europe with the UK being identified as holding the worst control. The grounds for this are non clearly identified. However what is clear is the possible impact on people in footings of complications and shorter lives ( Liebl et al 2002 ) . Peoples with diabetes who have complications cost the NHS 3.5 times more than people who have no grounds of complications ( IDF 2006 ) . The NHS presently spends about 10 % of its entire resources on diabetes, which equates to ?286 per second. This places a important drain on resources which will potentially lift in line with the turning prevalence of diabetes and associated complications unless alternate ways to cut down the load of the disease can be found Diabetes.co.uk ) . There are many grounds for the turning prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the UK, two of the chief 1s being the modernization of industrialization and urbanization, which has changed people ‘s life styles and eating wonts and caused and escalation in fleshiness ( Helms et al 2003 ) . Diabetes and fleshiness are closely linked ; 80 per centum of patients diagnosed with diabetes are corpulent at the clip of diagnosing ( Diabetes UK, 2006 ) . Kazmi and Taylor ( 2009 ) agree and say type 2 diabetes can be linked to genetic sciences, although increased degrees are more likely to be attributable to obesity ensuing from a lessening in physical exercising and westernised diets. A 2008 study highlighted the UK as holding the highest fleshiness degrees in Europe, presently 24 % of grownups are considered corpulent which tends to increase with age. ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2010 ) . However this figure should be treated with cautiousness as England is one of t he few states who uses existent measurings of weight and tallness, other states preferring to utilize ego reported steps. The UK has an increasing aged population which combined with lifting degrees of fleshiness is likely to farther addition type 2 diabetes prevalence ( DH2010 ) . The links between socioeconomic want and sick wellness are good established ( Yamey 1999, Acheson 1998, Chaturvedi 2004 ) . This can be observed within the UK, as type 2 diabetes does non impact all societal groups every bit, it is more prevailing in people over 40, minority cultural groups, and hapless people ( The National Service Framework ( NSF ) for Diabetes ) . Several surveies have established people with type 2 diabetes populating in deprive countries suffer higher morbidity and mortality rates than those in more flush countries. ( Roper et al 2001, Wilde et al 2008, Bachhmann 2003 ) . However globally the links between want and type 2 diabetes are less clear as there is less information available on diabetes and want related results. In struggle with the UK, surveies in Finland, Italy and Ireland found no important fluctuations in different socioeconomic groups ( Gnavi et al 2004, O'Conner 2006 ) . Reasons which may hold negated the impact on socioeconomic want may hold been due to differences such in the population studied, wellness attention bringing or available interventions.Linkss between want and type 2 diabetes appear apparent in the vicinity of Derbyshire. All but three local countries in Derbyshire have a diabetes and fleshiness degrees which are significantly worse than the England norm ( Derbyshire County Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) 2008 ) . In Derbyshire there are clear important fluctuations in degrees of want, High Peak has really small want, and yet Bolsover is in the 20 per cent most disadvantaged countries in England, with 30 two per cent of people populating in poorness and mortality and morbidity degrees significantly worse than the England norm ( Bolsover District Financial Inclusion Strategy 2009 ) . These worrying degrees have triggered the Department of Health to declare Bolsover a Spearhead country for betterment ( DH 2009, Derbyshire PCT 2008 ) . Some stairss have been taken in Bolsover to cut down morbidity and mortality rates by presenting healthy enterprises aimed at bettering people ‘s life manners ( Bolsover 2010 ) . However, although morbidity and mortality rates have reduced over the last 10 old ages they remain significantly higher than the England norm ( Bolsover District Financial Inclusion Strategy 2009 ) . Derbyshire has a turning aged population ( Derbyshire PCT 2008 ) . This together with proved links of degrees of fleshiness lifting with age would propose a future addition in degrees of diabetes.Diabetess is a national precedence and Derbyshire has a higher than England mean prevalence, but the lo cal NHS scheme ( 2008 ) does non stipulate diabetes as a cardinal precedence. This may be a factor why Derbyshire is neglecting to run into its marks to cut downing morbidity and mortality by 10 per cent by 2010 in the poorest countries of Derbyshire ( DH 2009 ) .Models and policies exist to give counsel on criterions of attention, better the quality of life and life anticipation of people with diabetes and decrease the fiscal load on wellness services. ( Reference x2 ) . In response to European influence the NHS program ( 2000 ) set out counsel for modernizing services, raising criterions and traveling towards patient centred attention. Subsequently the NSF for Diabetes ( 2001 ) was published which lineations twelve criterions of attention aimed at presenting improved services and cut downing inequalities over a 10 twelvemonth period with the ultimate vision of people enduring with diabetes having a universe category service in the UK by 2013. This model was followed by the NSF for Diabetes: Delivery Strategy ( 2003 ) which gives counsel on how the NSF for diabetes could be achieved. Models are a utile lineation for action and set out clear ends and marks, but do non turn to the societal, economical and environmental causes of sick wellness or take history of available fiscal and staffing resources ( Reference from book ) . The NSF for Diabetes ( 2001 ) appears to back up this statement ; other than retinal showing, no support was ab initio made available to implement the 12 criterions ( Cavan 2005 ) . The handiness of this support will hold been important in the accomplishment of one hundred per cent of people with diabetes now being offered this service ( English National Screening Programme for Diabetic Retinopathy, 2009 ) . It was n't until 2004 the Quality Outcome Framework offered fiscal wagess to run into other marks within the NSF, for case maintaining practiced based registries of people with diabetes, to enable primary attention suppliers to supply proactive attention ( NHS 2004 ) . Ten old ages on this model is still believable and sets the ‘gold criterion ‘ of attention for patients with diabetes in the UK ( NICE 2000 ) which would look to be an outstanding accomplishment. There have been important betterments in caring for people with diabetes since it was published. However, it could be criticised that some criterions are non enforceable until 2013 ( NSF 2001 ) . Numerous publications have followed the NSF for Diabetes ( 2001 ) in an effort to give counsel for wellness professionals to follow ( Nice 2004, NICE 2008, NICE 2009, RCN, NMC ) . These models are non intended to work in isolation but collaborate with each other at different degrees, whilst trying to bring forth a quality wellness service ( Reference ) . . The chief grounds for the oncoming of diabetes and hazard of farther complications is due to suboptimal wellness relation behavior which include small physical activity, high Calorie consumption and insufficiency to keep good glucose control and it is said persons with diabetes play a cardinal function in finding their ain wellness position ( Clarke 2008 Reference 1 ) . Whittaker ( 2004 ) concurs and says that much of the load relating to care prevarications with persons themselves. Patient instruction is seen as cardinal in the intervention of diabetes to guarantee the best possible healthy results for persons ( Alexander et al, 2006, Brooker & A ; Nicol 2003, Walsh, 2002 ) . Standard 3 of the NSF for Diabetes ( 2001 ) clearly demonstrates a move off from medical attention to promote persons to take duty for their ain wellness but besides places the burden on wellness attention professionals to educate, support and empower people to enable them to efficaciously care for themselves. The recent Public Health Whitepaper ( 2010 ) endorses future health care services should concentrate on health instead than handling disease and supports authorising people to set some attempt into remaining good. It acknowledges health care services merely contribute to one tierce of betterment made to life anticipation saying that a alteration in life style and taking wellness inequalities contribute to the staying two tierces. Giving people the accomplishments, cognition and tools to take control of their ain wellness logical as people with diabetes spend an norm of 3 hours per twelvemonth with their healthcare professional and around 8700 hours pull offing themselves ( Ref N3. For illustration there is much grounds reasoning that keeping blood glucose degrees as near to normal as possible slows down the patterned advance of long term complications and if patients can be empowered to take control of their diabetes, non merely will it increase the persons quality of life but besid es cut down the fiscal load on the NHS. ( Whittaker, 2004 ) . ( Ref: 4.1, 4.2 ) . The Diabetes Year of Care programme ( 2008 ) has been developed to assist health care professionals move off from a paternal attack to care be aftering to a more individualized attack for people with chronic long term conditions. This attack involves both healthcare professionals and patients working together to prioritize single demands. Helmore ( 2009 ) agrees that a individualized attack to care be aftering which should be holistic and include the individual ‘s societal fortunes, will authorise patients to take a cardinal function in their ain health care and suggests that nurses and patients should work together to put ends the patient can work towards which would include self attention and the services they will utilize. For illustration a down patient will non desire to venture outside to exert and soothe feeding may do them to derive weight. The precedence in this instance would be to cover with the patient ‘s depression. The nurse could so intercede with other com munity services and societal attention to decide non medical issues which would enable the patient to pull off their weight and addition activities ( Helmore 2009 ) . Peals ( 2010 ) believes nurses should take a lead function on behalf of the GP pool as they are the 1s best placed to place the attention demands of patients with diabetes, they have experience in patient tracts and are able to organize local and professional services. The Department of Health ( 2010 ) has highlighted attention be aftering as an country for betterment to guarantee one hundred per cent of diabetic patients have single attention programs ( DH 2010 ) . Currently it is thought merely 60 per of people with long-run conditions in England have an single attention program ( www.gp-patient.co.uk ) . Diabetes self-management instruction programmes ( DSME ) have been developed to educate and authorise patients to take control of their ain conditions by bettering their cognition and accomplishments to enable them to do informed picks, self-manage and cut down any hazard of complications. DSME besides aims to assist people to get by with physical and mental of life with diabetes ( Ref 21 P 114. These programmes which should be age appropriate can be delivered to persons or groups. ( 6 and 40 P 119 and 120 ) . . ( mention 7 p119 ) . Programmes available include the Expert Patent Programme ( EPP ) , its derivative X-PERT and Diabetes Education and Self-Management for ongoing and freshly diagnosed ( DESMOND ) which are available in all PCT ‘s in the state. These programmes offer the necessary information and accomplishments to people to enable them to pull off their ain diabetes attention and they offer the chance for people with diabetes to portion jobs and solutions on concerns they may hold with on mundane life ( N9 ) . They encourage people to happen their ain solutions to issues such as diet, weight direction and blood glucose control, enlisting the aid of diabetes professionals if needed ( N9 ) . The literature suggests this will ensue in good educated, motivated and empowered patients and systematically supports patient instruction as important to effectual diabetes attention ( utilize many refs ) . Much research has taken topographic point on the effectivity of DSME. Some of which suggests that patients who have non participated in DSME are four times more likely to meet major diabetes complications compared to patients who have been involved in DSME ( Reference ) .Other grounds suggests that it is non possible to set up whether patient instruction is effectual at advancing self-management in the long term to cut down the effects of diabetes or the oncoming of complications and better the patient ‘s quality of life ( mention ) . From surveies that have taken topographic point, it is apparent that although cognition and accomplishments are necessary they are non sufficient on their ain to guarantee good diabetes control. Peoples require ongoing support to prolong the enable them to prolong self-management and therefore the longer period of clip the class run the more likelihood people will stay sceptered ( Ref ) The bulk of people in the UK are offered some signifier diabetes instruction, the majority of which is offered at the clip of diagnosing. Besides the manner, length, content and construction of DSME vary. Very few instruction programmes have been evaluated ; therefore it is non conclusive which intercession scheme is the most effectual for bettering the control of diabetes. The America Diabetes Association suggest that as people are persons and different methods of instruction suit different people, there is no 1 best programme, but by and large programmes which incorporate both psychosocial and behaviour schemes appear to hold the best results. However the Healthcare committee ( 2006 ) found people in England are non being offered equal information about their status to ease effectual self-management. They reported merely eleven per cent of respondents had attended an educational class on how to populate with diabetes and disturbingly 17 per cent of respondents did non even know whether they had type 1 or type 2 diabetes ( Reference 2 P 119 ) . The success of DSME is dependent many discrepancies which include the patient ‘s single features, the context of their societal environment, the extent of the disease, and the patient ‘s interface with the attention and instruction provided. Overall there is a great trade of grounds to propose DSME is the ‘cornerstone ‘ in effectual diabetes attention ( NSF 2001 ) . It is recommended that DSME is delivered by a multi-disciplinary squad together with a comprehensive attention program ( cite 1 ) . Experts agree that effectual direction of diabetes mellitus increases life anticipation and reduces the hazard of complications ( NICE Guidenance for the usage of patient instruction theoretical accounts of diabetes Referece 1 P 119 Changing the wellness related behavior of people with diabetes has been proved to be successful in cut downing or even eliminating the hazard of complications ( mention ) . Many different wellness publicity theoretical accounts of exist which can assist a patient to digest wellness publicity advise and want to alter their wellness related behaviors ( Kawachi 2002 ) . Health publicity theoretical accounts are utile tools to help with this procedure. The Stages of Change wellness publicity is a often used theoretical account for weight direction as it identifies 6 phases of preparedness to alter which helps wellness professionals identify the intercession actions to urge and back up. Standard 3 has besides ensured people with diabetes receive regular attention ( Hicks 2010 ) , although Hillson ( 2009 ) would reason the quality of which is still unfastened to debate. Every individual with diabetes should have the highest criterions of individualized attention, no affair who delivers it or where or when it is delivered. Access to specialist services should be available when required ( Hillson 2009 ) . Diabetes patients receive different criterions of attention depending on whether or non they can go to their physician ‘s surgery ( Knights and Platt 2005 ) . Diabetes patients who are unable to go to the surgery are being overlooked and missed out on testing and reappraisals of their diabetes, accordingly having a lower criterion of attention despite the NSF for Diabetes saying inequalities in proviso of services should be addressed to guarantee a high criterion of attention which meets single patient demands. ( Gadsky 1994, Hall 2005, Harris 2005, ) . Until late the territory nursing squad were some of the few professionals who provided attention in the place for diabetes patients and merely normally had input with diabetes patients when intervention was required for a complication ( Wrobel 2001 ) . District nurses have historically been seen as Renaissance mans and able to supply attention and intervention for patients with a broad scope of conditions and hence do non needfully have specialist disease cognition ( Hale 2004 ) . Sargant ( 2002 ) agree with this and suggests the quality and rede territory nurses give to diabetic patients is questionable as they do n't hold the in-depth degree of cognition in relation to diabetes. In acknowledgment of the incompatibility of attention being provided to patients with chronic unwellnesss in their ain places, the function of Community Matron was introduced in 2004 to guarantee patients with diabetes receive the first category service advocated by the Department of Health ( 1999 ) and the NHS PLAN ( 2000 ) by pull offing their all embracing attention demands and aid patients efficaciously manage their long term conditions which in theory should ensue in cut down hospital admittances. ( NHS Improvement Plan 2004 ) . However a survey conducted by Gravelle et Al ( 2006 ) would propose the Community Matron function has non been effectual in cut downing hospital admittances. Forbes et Al ( 2004 ) concurs that territory nurses, given the clip and with the right preparation could widen their functions and satisfactory undertake appropriate attention for housebound people with diabetes. However Brookes ( 2002 ) suggests preparation and resources are large issues and Harris ( 2005 ) says that territory nurses may non be carry throughing their Professional Code of Conduct by neglecting to care sufficiently for this group of patients ( Nursing and Midwifery Council 2008 ) . The turning prevalence of diabetes and the drain on NHS resources continues to be a concern for the UK, in footings of life quality and life anticipation of patients. Many wellness inequalities exist for people with diabetes ; there are proved links with fleshiness and want ; and diabetes attention provided is non equal for all patients. Patients who are able to go to their GP surgery receive better attention than those who are housebound, although this inequality is being addressed and attention is bettering. The NSF for Diabetes is a utile model for health care professionals to follow when supplying attention for people with diabetes. The quality of diabetes attention has improved since this model has been introduced. However, the execution of some recommendations has been slow and will non be complete until 2013. Patient instruction is paramount to successful diabetes control and there appears no uncertainty that the key to successfully decelerating the oncoming of diabetes and th e recognised associated complications is to prosecute patients in DSME.

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Act and Rule Utilitarianism - Essay Example Act utilitarianism focuses on the specific act that will bring that good in the end. However, according to the rule utilitarian, this is improbable or even impossible. This begs the question: How does one determine if an act will produce a specific good This is where rule utilitarianism comes into the picture. One first determines what are the rules that if generally followed will produce the best results. The rule utilitarian does not focus on finding the specific act that will produce the best results since any act in accordance to that rule will produce a good.Thus, rule utilitarianism is more acceptable. An act in accordance with rule utilitarianism may or may not appeal to the act utilitarian, but this is better than trying in vain to find out what is that specific act the act utilitarian will accept.Whichever form one may choose, both cannot escape the criticisms against utilitarianism that one may lie, steal, or kill just to enact that which is good. In other words, the end ju stifies the means.

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Language of Advertising - Essay Example The entire goal of an advertisement is to inform someone of a product or service. Advertising also tells a reader something that they do not already know and through the use of design, captures attention. Advertising is primarily used, however, to create a cause and effect relationship between the company or business that placed the advertisement and then a reaction that is done by someone that saw the advertisement. O'Neill acknowledges that an advertisement will not work unless, â€Å"it captures our attention,† (O'Neill, 2006, 125). Advertising attempts to get people to do something or consider something that they normally would not without the additional information. Language in advertising is very important. The wording, as well as the design, can make or break the advertisement. In the case of a print advertisement, it is generally the aesthetic design and appeal of the visual advertisement itself which captures the attention of the reader. Next, it is the message that m ust captivate and compel the reader into taking action. That is why language is so important. In some ways, it can manipulate and in others it can persuade. The message makes the whole difference. O'Neill said that there were types of languages that were usually displayed in an advertisement such as a promise, a headline, sex appeal, a testimonial or a payoff statement (O'Neill, 2006). . None of these descriptions really tell how the language of the advertisement in question works. It makes a claim that it is â€Å"better† at something but that is it. Wording must be simple is the first part of the thesis. First off, words must be simple enough and grammatically correct so that a person can read them. A person needs to keep their advertisement simple so that it appeals to the reader. If the reader has to look up a word in a dictionary just to determine the meaning of the advertisement, then the ad is completely a lost cause. While looking at the advertisement of choice, it sa ys, â€Å"No other gasoline protects better. The Shell Nitrogen Enriched Advantage.† This simply states that the Shell petroleum products are better than the others. They seem to have a project that they want to promote to sell the nitrogen enriched segment. The way that this is worded is easy. There is nothing to look up and it is obvious what company is promoting the advertisement and does not provide any other information. Saying less words is more is another segment of the thesis at hand. Clearly, â€Å"No other gasoline protects better. The Shell Nitrogen Enriched Advantage,† statement clearly sums it up. In fact, it sums it up so much that it really does not do anything compelling. There is no description. There is no reason why and there is no instruction as to what the Shell Nitrogen Enriched Advantage is. Most people are to take action when a statement like this is offered but in this case, they would need to know what that means. The name Shell is a petroleum and fuel company that provides gasoline. Nitrogen enriched makes it sound as though the product is environmentally friendly. However, the details are almost too vague. As a reader, there is nothing about it that makes a clear memorable statement. The third part of the thesis would be to use call to action phrases. This is another area where this advertisement fails miserably. All it does is state a fact. â€Å"No other gasoline protects better.† So what? This is more of a branding technique style advertisement than it is an urge for someone to jump to action and actually do something. One thing that the advertiseme

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History - Research Paper Example The paper will illustrate the diverse relationship that exists between Europe and the world and the different historical events that have that occurred in different parts of the world involving Europe. The French are one of the most influential European members having colonized numerous parts in northern, central and eastern Africa. The colonial rule of the French has often been compared with American imperialism. The Americas were once owned by the Europeans themselves before decolonizing, with the United States doing this between 1776 and 1783. Haiti, South and Central America shortly followed the United States and gained their independence from European rule. The loss of control in these parts of the world led the Europeans to focus their sites on Asia and Africa as they were still looking to expand their empire. On the European conquest for Asia, Vietnam was occupied by the French in the year 1858, with an attack on D Nang and the French established full control over the country by the year 1897. The Europeans always looked for places that were of substantial basis and economic value and in the case of Vietnam; rubber was the main economic generator for the country. However, other Asian countries also deemed themselves powerful and the Japanese were able to invade Vietnam and before withdrawing from the country after the Hiroshima catastrophe. However, despite previous Japanese invasion, the French were unwilling to recognize Vietnam as an independent state and this led to a war in which the French army was defeated in 1954. External influence did not end after this war as the American also played a role in the governing of the country to the extent that there was a split between the anti communist and communist parts of the country. The involvement of the United States in and the formation of a partnership with the

Scientific paper on a specific management issue Assignment

Scientific paper on a specific management issue - Assignment Example been significant transformation in regard to business that originated from enhanced communication, digitization as well as globalization, and this transformation has considerably changed the nature of different organizations and the manner in which they carry out their daily operations. These changes affect all the industries, therefore, embracing and adapting to these changes is important to the development and growth of businesses. The managements of companies all over the world that are not national firms anymore but have subsidiaries in numerous countries are rapidly becoming multi-national enterprises. Therefore, companies from any nation are now in competition with those operating not only in their local markets but also in the global markets. The ties companies initially had to specific locations are reducing with the increased spread of operations and allies all over the globe. Starting and operating subsidiaries in foreign nations needs a lot of interaction with the domestic environment since the subsidiary gets majority of its resources from the local environment. The national culture of the country that a subsidiary is operating in sets the standard for acceptable social behavior and this affects the sourcing of workers making a study of the national culture important to the establishment of subsidiaries as well as their operation. In this context, this study seeks to identity the impact of national c ulture on patterns of staffing for subsidiaries. Based on the dissimilarities associated with national cultures, the staffing approach taken in the home nation and host nation may be significantly different. In order to assess this, an appreciation of culture, what is meant by the culture of a nation, what is staffing and the manner in which staffing is different in various cultural contexts must be developed. In order to appreciate national cultures and the level to which they affect businesses especially subsidiaries, it is imperative to develop an

Global Perspectives on Innovation and Creativity Essay

Global Perspectives on Innovation and Creativity - Essay Example From this paper highlight that the products created by EMC are sold to customers that use a variety of computing platforms and key applications. The market target for this company is the global 2000, mid ten market and service providers. VMware is a technology firm that has enabled multiple operating systems. Some of the systems include, the MICROSOFT WINDOWS, LINUX and NETWARE. It also provided virtual infrastructure software for industry standard Intel based servers as above. The software’s performed a variety of services which included evaluation, deployment and implementation of disaster recovery. This paper discusses that the adoption of the VMware software’s in the EMC Company would allow enterprise customers to improve their server utilization rates and dynamically allocate work load across multiple services. This is because the VMware software has more potential therefore the integration with the EMC will lead to greater innovations. The main question that the essay is portraying whether the EMC Corporation should integrate with the VMW. The paper basically examines the importance of adopting the centralised system of management, the advantages and disadvantages that come with it. How resources can be allocated in a centralised organization. The central tenet of organization theory holds that the structures systems and process of a firm should be independent and must be mutually supportive and coherent. It therefore emphasizes on the need of the EMC Corporation to merge its operations with VMware. Furthermore it is proposed that the organization that is pursuing innovation, which in this case is the EMC, development of software’s should acquire a mode of supporting organizational structure. In this case, the centralized system will be settled upon.  

Food Insecurities Essay Example for Free

Food Insecurities Essay Have you ever seen a person yell at his colleague or his partner, overreacting on a particular matter that has caused not only the person who got yelled at to feel annoyed, but also third parties who know about it or have witnessed the scene? For the many who do not wish to get into the mess, or has enough logic sense to not judge immediately, they will most likely give out a fair statement and try to reason out that person’s overreaction by saying he probably had a bad day or he probably has dilemma at home. However, if we take a bit closer and look closely, all of us will eventually realise that it all goes down to one matter; insecurity. Insecurities are not something new and unfamiliar to the human kind. Everyone has insecurities, regardless of whether they realise it or not. The Oxford Dictionary defines insecurity as the uncertainty or anxiety about oneself or lack of confidence. Insecurities exist in every living soul on this planet. Till today, it is still seen as a negative matter as not many have addressed this issue in proper ways using proper mediums. Most parents don’t even talk about it and shove it away when their children decide to speak up about it. Little do people know that the slightest things in life are the ones that add up to our insecurities. The amount of insecurity in a person differs from one to the other. The types of insecurities that one possesses also vary. The most common type of insecurity is physical insecurity. Let’s face it; human beings are never satisfied. Even when you have all the parts of the body needed to sustain and go through your daily routine with ease, you still beg for more. Some want healthier and shiner hair, some want to be taller, but most importantly, everyone wants something. It is not just human beings as an individual who face insecurities, but also countries and states. Currently, the world is looking at the issue of food insecurity, which is also classified as a type of insecurity. Food security may be said as the availability of food and one’s access to it. Hence, the United Nations have defined food security as all people at all times having both physical and economic access to the basic food they need. For more than 2 billion of people on this planet, they are lucky to not worry about this form of insecurity. However, we might not realise this but this matter is more complicated than it seems. Food securities may result from many different causes. It is imperative that we focus on why are the food insecure, and why are the people are food insecure. Among the most common causes of food insecurities are drought and extreme weather changes. This setback, which is very commonly faced by third world countries, usually ranges from overnight floods to droughts. In short, the climate changes faced by these countries are extreme. In most African countries, like Nigeria, droughts are not new to them. It has been a setback since the time of their ancestors; nonetheless, they are helpless at it and have no comeback on solving this matter. In many comparisons throughout time, some of the most severe food crises were all preceded by drought or by other similarly extreme weather events. These extremities result in poor and failed harvests which in turn results food scarcity and high prices of the available food. As mentioned in the Climate and Development Knowledge Network report entitled ‘Managing Climate Extremes and Disasters in the Agriculture Sectors: Lessons from the IPCC SREX Report’, such force of nature causes impacts which will include not only food insecurity, but changing productivity and livelihood patterns, economic losses, and impacts on the infrastructure. Besides that, the natural resource base for the poor and food-insecure is invariably narrow and, in many areas, fragile. With the exception of Uganda only 4 to 10 percent of the land area is classed as arable, and just a small area of land suitable for rainfed cultivation. The greatest numbers of poor people are concentrated in the arid and semi-arid ecosystems and on marginal land in the higher rainfall parts of the region. It has become axiomatic to say that poverty is one of the main causes of environmental degradation. This can be seen all too clearly in the farming of steep slopes, which takes place as an increasing population is forced to cultivate marginal land. The falling crop yields that characterize the marginal areas are a result of the loss of massive quantities of topsoil throughout the region, declining soil fertility as fallow systems are replaced by continuous cultivation, reductions in soil organic matter as manure is burnt for fuel, and shrinking holding sizes. However, the poor are also the most vulnerable to environmental degradation because they depend on he exploitation of common property resources for a greater share of their incomes than richer households do. In the rangelands, the evidence for long-term secular environmental degradation is ambiguous. The successive cyclical growth and decline of herds reflects cycles of rainfall and rangeland productivity, and is perfectly normal. As animals die in large numbers, the rangelands recover remarkably quickly. However, when there i s a major drop in the number of animals, the people who depend on them for their livelihoods also suffer. Development programmes that have sought to increase animal production on rangelands through water development and animal disease prevention have all too often failed to find, at the same time, sustainable ways of increasing animal nutrition, so the resulting increased numbers of animals may wreak havoc on the range itself. Many of the available freshwater resources are in river basins and lakes that extend beyond the boundaries of individual nations. Shared water resources include lakes Victoria, Albert, Edward, Kivu and Turkana and major rivers such as the Blue Nile, White Nile, Atbara, Awash and Shebele. The potential for developing irrigation from these sources is constrained by the problem of achieving agreement on sharing the resources and avoiding conflict. Although natural climatic factors have played their part in the process of desertification, in general, it is increased population and the related development of unsustainable production systems that have had most negative impact on the fragile natural resource base. Wood and manure have remained the main sources of domestic energy, even in urban centres. This situation has contributed to depleting the forest and range resources, resulting in an overall decrease in biomass and biodiversity, reduced water infiltration and increased runoff and soil erosion. These factors, which contribute to the impoverishment of ecosystems, have led to a vicious circle of environmental degradation, lower system resilience to erratic rainfall, decreased agricultural productivity and increased poverty and food insecurity. Not only that, the cause of food insecurity in these third world countries are also caused by the poor state of development and maintenance of roads and transport, energy sources and telecommunications in the marginal areas of countries in the Horn of Africa makes it difficult for these areas to become integrated into the national and regional economy. As with all other indicators of development, the countries of the region have some of the worst figures worldwide with respect to access to roads and water supply. A recent report suggests that, in terms of access to infrastructure, the gap between Africa and the rest of the world has widened over the past 15 years. The sparse road and communications network hampers emergency relief operations as well as the commercialization of the rural economy. The density of the road network in the countries of the region gives an idea of both how difficult it is to reach people in rural areas with services and the problems such people face in participating in the market economy. For example, in Ethiopia, every kilometre of road serves 72 km 2 and 3 000 people, compared with only 8 km 2 and 850 people in North Africa. Even after strenuous efforts by development agencies and NGOs, access to a clean water supply is still an unobtainable luxury for most rural inhabitants in the Horn. Piped systems are uncommon in rural areas and protected wells and hand pumps are the best that rural communities can expect. The burden of collecting water, as with so many other menial tasks, falls almost exclusively on women in the communities, who must spend many hours each day collecting water from unsafe sources. The statistics on access to water and sanitation reveal wide differences within the region. In three countries, namely Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia, only one-quarter of the population has access to safe water, and in two others (the Sudan and Uganda) the figure is less than 50 percent. Access to sanitation is as low as 13 percent and, except for Kenya, barely exceeds 50 percent anywhere. In addition to that, the indicators of access to social services in the countries that face the setback of food insecurity are also among the lowest in the world. While the average figures are bad enough, they mask fundamental inequalities in access to services within the region. Again, rural areas, especially remote, low-potential areas are the least well served. Nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralists are the most difficult populations to provide services to and, consequently, they are invariably the ones with the poorest health services and least education. All these indicators, combined with malnutrition and poor access to safe water, have adverse consequences for productivity and for the long-term physical and cognitive development of people in the region. Also, let us not forget the fact that crop and plants as well face diseases. Diseases affecting livestock or crops can have devastating effects on food availability especially if there are no emergency back-up plans in place. For example, an epidemic of stem rust on wheat which was spreading across Africa and into Asia in 2007 caused major concern. A virulent wheat disease could destroy most of the world’s main wheat crops, leaving millions to starve. The fungus had spread from Africa to Iran and may already be in Pakistan. A different threat, on the other hand, has attacked the African continent’s second biggest crop; wheat. In 1999, 50 years since the last outbreak, a contemporary and virulent strain of stem rust attacked the Ugandan crops. Its spores then travelled to Ethiopia and Kenya, before appearing in Iran last year. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nation (FAO) has given warning to six other countries in the Central and South Asia to be prepared and keep an eye for symptoms of this new strain while scientists in the United States of America are working diligently in searching for a resistant that combats this problem. It is important that the remedy for this will be obtained quickly as in India alone; more than 50 million small-scale farmers are at risk because they depend on wheat for their food and earnings. Most importantly, we must not overlook that politics and dictatorship also play a role in food insecurity. Many do not realise that politics play a part in something as serious as this. As mentioned by Nobel Prize-winning economist Amarya Sen, â€Å"There is no such thing as an apolitical food problem. It is more often than not that the administration of the country that determines its severity, or even whether the famine will occur. If truth be told, the 20th century is full of examples of governments undermining the food security of their own nations. Let us take a look at Nigeria, Africa’s most densely inhabited state, where a legacy of corrupted governance and an economy based primarily on oil exports has left the agriculture sector significantly undermined, leaving millions of N igerians in deep hunger. True, the neighbouring countries export food to Nigeria in exchange for money, but remember; the people in these neighbouring countries need food too. And they are much poorer than those living in Nigeria. It was reported by the United Nations that thousands of children in countries neighbouring Nigeria died because of malnutrition. These kids paid the price not because of food shortage in their country, but because of food shortage in Nigeria. The distribution of food is often a political issue in most countries. The government will always give priority to urban areas and cities, since most influential and powerful families and enterprises are located there. The ruling government over and over again for generations overlooks the subsistence farmers and rural areas in general. In other words, the more rural an area, the less likely the government will pay attention to solving its needs. Whats more is that the governments of these countries would normally keep the price of basic grain at extremely low levels that subsistence farmers cannot accumulate sufficient capital to make investments to improve their production. Hence, they are prevented from getting out of their precarious situation. In addition, food has always been a political arsenal by the dictators and warlords, where they reward their supporters and deny food supplies to those areas that are against them. Under this condition, food has become more like a currency instead of a basic need that cannot be denied rights of. Food has become the money to buy support and used against the opposition. Even in Guatemala, income inequality is amongst the worst in the world, with indigenous communities at a disadvantage. In some areas, an estimated 75 percent of the children, ranging from infants to children ages six and seven years old, are severely malnourished. And this is a shocking statistic relating food scarcity coming from a country that is merely a four-hour flight away from the USA. Furthermore, it was pointed out in William Bernstein’s 2004 publication entitled ‘The Birth of Plenty’ that individuals without property will lead to starvation and it is much easier to bend the fearful and the hungry to the will of the state. If a farmer’s property can be arbitrarily threatened by the state, that power will inevitably be used to intimidate those with different political and religious opinions. It is fundamental and crucial that we understand and be aware of the consequences of this global food scarcity. The effects might be similar to the effects of malnutrition and hunger, where, at the outset, the human population will be affected greatly in the sense where stunted growth may occur. The stunting starts in when the baby is still in the mother’s womb and happens till the age of three. Once stunting happens, giving proper nutrition to these helpless children will not help in reversing the damage or improving the child’s condition. Pregnant mothers who do not receive the correct amount of nutrition needed may risk of having a higher chance of infant and child mortality later on, which is, of course, a very heartbreaking circumstance. Apart from that, severe malnutrition during one’s early childhood also leads to defects in cognitive development. Stunted individuals also have a higher chance of getting diseases and illnesses as compared to those who have not experienced stunting. It must also come to the attention that food insecurity is also associated with various developmental consequences for children in the United States. A research was conducted by Diana F. Jyoti, Edward A. Frongillo, and Sonya J. Jones to prove that food insecurity is linked to specific developmental consequences for children, and whether these consequences may be both nutritional and nonnutritional.

Typical Stereotypes Of Males And Females

Typical Stereotypes Of Males And Females What defines males from females? Many times people can name off many physical characteristics that tend to be commonly known differences between males and females. For example: males tend to have some of the following-shorter hair, wear looser fitting clothing, shorter fingernails, chest hair, facial hair, more bodily hair in general, taller, stronger, deeper voice, thicker skin, more physically aggressive and more physical jobs (such as, mining, construction, farming, surgeons and engineering). Whereas, women tend to have some of the following-longer hair, wear tighter fitting clothing, longer fingernails, less bodily hair, average height, higher pitch voice, softer/thinner skin, express emotions openly and tend to have jobs helping people (nurses) or working with children (daycare, teacher). These physical characteristics are not the only thing that may differentiate males and females; there are many other characteristics that may also be present. However, I not only think of these characteristics but also about stereotypes that are set for males and females. I see these stereotypes as follows: females tend to be stay at home moms, taking/caring for children and others, and in charge of the housework. Whereas, males tend to be the ones who are out and off doing the farm work or having a job to bring home the money and are consider the protectors of their family or over others. These stereotypes are shown with the differences in males and females in the following two short stories; which are: The Horse Dealers Daughter by D.H. Lawrence and The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck. The Horse Dealers Daughter by D.H. Lawrence is about a girl, Mabel, who lives at home with her three brothers. They are all sitting around the table after their fathers death, which left them in major debt. However, Mabels brothers are able to go off and find work; whereas Mabel is in a predicament on what to do. (All she has ever known is taking care of the house and fulfilling that role of her mother after she had died.) The stereotypes I have stated earlier are shown throughout this short story with the differences between males and females. Mabels brothers were able to go off and find a job and are able to bring home money for themselves. As Lawrence states, Joe was luckilyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦engaged to a woman as old as himself, and therefore her father, who was steward of a neighboring estate, would provide him with a job (p. 235). Since they know what they are doing with their life this leaves her brothers concerned about what she is going to do because they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦got to be out by Wednesdayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p. 237). They bring up the option of Mabel going and staying with their sister, Lucy; because as her brother Fred states, I dont see what else you can do (p. 236). Implying that it isnt common for women to go out and have jobs, like men do, to bring home money. However, going to live with her sister, Lucy, is not what Mabel wants to do. She wants to stay at the house and continue to be the motherly figure, along with taking of others, her brothers, with doing the household chores. Even though the house was servantless now, and desolate (empty) (p. 239). Meaning that she would not have anyone to care for but herself. She is still use to doing those household chores. Lawrence explains this as he states, she began putting the dishes together (p. 238). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Mabel came in again, to finish clearing the table (p. 239) and she folded the white table-cloth, and put on the chenille cloth (p. 239). All of these go along with the typical women stereotype that they are in charge of the housework and keeping things tidy for the others. Even though Mabels life consisted of this work and fell under the female stereotype, she still felt established, proud and reserved, so long as there was money (p. 240). However, now that there was no money due to the debt they were left in, Mable had become threaten with what she was going to do with her life. Because she had kept house for ten yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦keeping the home together in (penury) for her (ineffectual) brothersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p. 240). But now Mabel had been servant less in the big house for months (p. 240) and not knowing what to do. The debt has caused her to lose all her confidence, of how important the housework (she did) really was. Which is shown when Lawrence states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the sense of money had kept her proud, confident (p. 240). With them being in debt and only knowing the housework, this had brought the endà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for Mabel (p. 240); Meaning that Mabel did not see any good in her life anymore because she did not have the household chores to do or the opportunity to take care of others. This causes her to decide the best thing for her would to be dead along with her mother. This is shown as Lawrence explains how Mable à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦walked slowly and deliberately towards the center of the pond, very slowly, gradually moving deeper into the motionless water, and still moving forward as the water got up to her breast. Then he (Dr. Jack Furguson) see her no more in the dusk of the dead afternoon (p. 243). As Dr. Jack Furguson watches her slowly try and kill herself he feels the need to do something about it. This is where the male stereotype of being the protectors of their family and others comes into play and being present in Dr. Jack Furguson. Males have the tendency to feel and provide protection over their family and others but also are tend to known to be stronger than females, which is shown as Lawrence describes the following about Dr. Jack Furguson. Dr. Jack Furguson went into the pond after Mabel to save and protect her. Lawrence states, he slowly ventured into the pond (p. 243); he went very slowly, carefully, absorbed in the slow progress. He rose higher, climbing out of the pond. The water was now only about his legs; he was thankful, full of relief to be out of the clutches of the pond. He lifted her and staggered onto the bank, out of the horror of wet, grey clay (p. 244). After Dr. Jack Furguson saved her life he took her back to get her out of her wet clothes and to get her warmed up. As he removed her saturated, earthy-smelling clothing, rubbed her dry with a towel, and wrapped her naked in the blankets (p. 245), he did it out of protecting her and saving her, but also because he is a doctor and the need he feels to help others due to his profession. However, the male stereotype of being protective of their family and others caused a problem between Mabel and Dr. Jack Furguson. Mabel didnt see him as just being protective but as him doing this because of the love he felt for her. This resulted her and believing that he loved her and her having that feeling of being able to take care of and do housework for someone again. The Horse Dealers Daughter by D.H. Lawrence showed many different examples of the stereotypes between males and females. These stereotypes explicitly show us the gender differences between two people. Another short story that shows us gender differences between two people is The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck. The Chrysanthemums not only shows gender differences but also how the male and female stereotypes are not always true or accurate. As in The Horse Dealers Daughter, besides the housework that is a typical stereotype for females, there is also the garden work that they tend to do. This is shown in the short story The Chrysanthemums. As Elisa works in her garden with her chrysanthemums it is seen how this is her pride and joy; just as the housework was for Mabel. Steinbeck shows how important Elisas gardening is to her as he describes all the time that she spends there. For example, cutting the old, getting the new crop ready and how to care for them. As Steinbeck states, Its the budding that takes the most careà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (p. 444). Elisas chrysanthemums is what she cares about and what she wants to take care of; just as Mabel wanted to be able to do housework and take care of others, her brothers. Not only was the stereotype for the females shown in this short story but also for males. This is shown first as her husband had asked her if she wanted to go out to eat for dinner but then after that if she wanted to go the fights. Males wanting to watch and go to the fights can be related to their more physically aggressive behavior and how they find the fights to be appealing to them. Not only does her husband have somewhat of a stereotype of males but so does the guy who stops and talks to her on his way by. The man came off with having at least one of the physical characteristics of males such as being tall, strong and a man who works to bring home the money. This is shown as Steinbeck states, Elisa saw that he was a very big man. The calloused hands he rested on the wire fence were cracked, and every crack was a black line (p. 441). The man made general conversation with Elisa but then begin to tell her about what he does for work and how he is looking for work to do in order to bring home the money for his food. As Steinbeck states, Maybe you noticed the writing on my wagon, I mend pots and sharpen knives and scissors. You got any of them things to do? (p. 442). Elisa goes on to tell the man that she doesnt as she continues to work with her chrysanthemums. Then the man states how this is his job and needing the work by saying, I aint had a thing to do today. Maybe I wont have no supper tonight (p. 442). The previous sentence shows how work and bringing home the money for food or care for himself, family or others is very important to men and goes along with their stereotype of being workers and typically protective and in charge of making sure everyone gets what they need in life. As they continue on with their conversation and the man finds some common ground, her plants, to talk to her about; he is slowly able to convince her of giving into him. He asks for some plants and then for a pot to fix too. With females falling under the stereotype that they do, Elisa wants to be able to take care of others; so she ends up feeling sorry for the man and gives him some of her chrysanthemums and a pot. Even though Elisa falls into the typical female stereotype she is still able to move beyond these gender roles. This is shown later in the short story when Elisa and her husband are going to go out to eat and she wants wine at dinner. This is not the only thing that shows Elisa moving beyond her gender roles but also when she talks to Henry, her husband, about the fights and states, Well, Ive read how they break noses, and blood runs down their chests. Ive read how the fighting gloves get heavy and soggy with blood (p. 448). This statement is showing her going beyond her gender roles because most females typically are not interested in fighting, weather that be watching it or reading about it. In conclusion, both short stories The Horse Dealers Daughter and The Chrysanthemums portray gender differences by the authors using examples that relate to the typical stereotypes seen in males and females. The issues the authors portray of the societies describes how most people tend to have these male and female stereotypes and that these are what most people tend to believe and follow and think or relate too. However, as in The Chrysanthemums these stereotypes for males and females are not always true for everyone.