Fizzy Sparkling Lemonade Made With Science

Bubbly Sparkling Lemonade Made With Science Unwind and appreciate a reviving glass of lemonade while doing science! Heres a simple method to move customary lemonade toward bubbly shimmering lemonade. The venture deals with a similar standard as the great preparing pop and vinegar spring of gushing lava. At the point when you join a corrosive and preparing pop, you get carbon dioxide gas, which is discharged as air pockets. The corrosive in the spring of gushing lava is acidic corrosive from vinegar. In bubbly lemonade, the corrosive is citrus extract from lemon juice. Carbon dioxide bubbles are what gives soda pops their bubble. In this simple science venture, youre just creation the air pockets yourself. Bubbly Lemonade Ingredients You could do this task with any lemonade, however in the event that you make your own it wont wind up madly sweet. Its up to you. For the lemonade base you need: 2 cups water1/2 cup lemon juice (contains citrus extract and a littler measure of ascorbic acid)1/4 cup sugar (sucrose) Youll additionally need: sugar cubesbaking pop (sodium bicarbonate) Discretionary: toothpicksfood shading Make Homemade Fizzy Lemonade Combine the water, lemon squeeze, and sugar. This is tart lemonade, however youll improve it in a piece. On the off chance that you like, you can refrigerate the lemonade so you wont need to add ice to chill it later.For kids (or if youre a child on a fundamental level), draw faces or structures on sugar shapes utilizing toothpicks plunged in food coloring.Coat the sugar 3D squares with preparing pop. You can move them in the powder or shake sugar solid shapes in a little plastic pack containing preparing soda.Pour a portion of your lemonade into a glass. When youre prepared for the bubble, drop a sugar 3D square into the glass. In the event that you utilized food shading on the sugar blocks, you can watch the lemonade change color.Enjoy the lemonade! Master Tip Another choice, other than food shading, is to paint the sugar 3D squares with a palatable pH pointer. The marker will change shading as per whether its on the powdered sugar solid shape or in the lemonade. Red cabbage juice is a decent decision, however there are different choices you can discover in your kitchen.Any acidic fluid will work for this task. It doesnt must be lemonade! You could carbonate squeezed orange, limeade, grapefruit squeeze, or even ketchup (perhaps not all that delectable, however it makes a decent fountain of liquid magma). Got another lemon? Use it to make a custom made battery.

Sustainable Public Procurement vs Green Public Procurement

Economical Public Procurement versus Green Public Procurement This segment gives the foundation to the examination and diagram or layouts the general system of the thesis. It portray the examination procedure that incorporate research issue, issue articulation, point, and destinations of the exploration, the extent of research being explored, system embraced lastly the outline of the general research structure attempted. 1.0.2 Background Manageability have become an across the board issue in creating nations as the push to build up the nation and moderating the Mother Nature simultaneously expanded. This exertion is additionally because of the responsibility concurred after United Nation Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 built up Agenda 21. The Agenda 21 which contains plans on supportability in 21st century was concurred by the majority of the legislatures to consolidate the maintainability idea in improvements and financial territory yet at the same time protecting the earth and regular assets. The development business is in no special case. Development industry contributes 3.5 percent to the countrys total national output in 2011 (Jabatan Statistik Malaysia,2011) . These comprise chiefly of open part extends under governments advancement program. This demonstrates the legislature have a major job to empower the maintainability idea since they are the customer with the greatest buying power. The manageability advancements by the Malaysian Green Technology Policy 2009 are the improvement of items, gear and frameworks used to monitor the indigenous habitat and assets, which limits and diminishes the negative effect of human exercises. While obtainment is characterized as a procedure that produces, oversees and satisfies contract identifying with different works, for example, development, renting properties, disposing of properties or give authorization for a task (Watermeyer,2004). The neighborhood government have the ability to fuse maintainability in its task through economical acquirement. Feasible acquisition guarantees that the undertaking offered by temporary worker have the component of supportability joined inside the archives. By utilizing their influence to pick products and ventures that additionally regards nature they can impact the temporary worker to incorporate more vitality proficient structure framework (Walker H., Brammer, 2009). This give a reasonable sign to the obtainment gatherings to utilize natural proficient innovations in the structures as expressed in the agreement. Among the neighborhood government in other nation that utilized practical obtainment framework is the Dutch Ministry for Economic Affairs. Their organization, Senter Novem characterized manageable acquisition as applying ecological and social viewpoints in all phases of the obtainment procedure to guarantee that it brings about the genuine conveyance of item, administration or work in accordance with such natural and social perspectives. It is likewise characterized as development that achieves the necessary execution with the least ominous biological effects while empowering financial, social and social improvement at nearby, local and worldwide level. (Taipale, 2010) 1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT Supportability is one of the five primary zones of the Government Transformation Program. Consequently, so as to accomplish this, the strategies should be upheld. This is to guarantee the usage will happen and change can be seen. Be that as it may, reasonable acquisition is likewise significant which are not notable in Malaysian development industry. There is a need to know the degree of attention to this obtainment with the goal that it can help strategy producers to do strategies that are relevant to Malaysian condition. This is on the grounds that Malaysia have a solid establishment in the maintainability issue yet at the same time ailing in execution level. As expressed by Perera et. al (2007), law and approaches are insufficient to change the typical customary acquirement framework which depend on an incentive for cash instead of the entire existence of estimation of the undertaking. As indicated by CIMP 2006-2015, street to supportability is required to stop by 2015. Be that as it may, 2015 is getting close and the progressions are still yet to be seen. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.2.1 AIMS This paper means to find the attention to development industry players of the supportable acquisition. It is can be utilized to find the issues that ruin or cause the business players reluctant to consolidate maintainability in acquirement despite the fact that there are different arrangements accessible these days. By utilizing regular materials in the structure doesn't mean the structure is supportable. Everything that originated from the Mother Nature doesn't really feasible in the first place. For instance, tires which made out of 100% common fixing which is elastic. Along these lines, it is trusted that the comprehension of maintainability itself and the capacity to join feasible into acquirement should be possible. 1.2.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES a. To distinguish the consciousness of the development business players about practical acquirement. b. To distinguish the issues in execution level. c. To discover fitting suggestion to support the utilization of manageable open acquisition out in the open undertakings. 1.3 SCOPE OF RESEARCH The extent of this paper will restrain on the obtainments for open ventures as the undertakings in Malaysia are generally from the Government advancement programs. The extension will constrain for government extends in Sarawak as it were. 1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The exploration approach will clarify how the destinations of this investigation can be accomplished. This section will show the stream and the strategy used to accumulate the information and data to accomplish the target of study. The information and data will be received by explicit methodology rely upon the idea of the examination. It very well may be classified into two phases: Information assortment techniques are a fundamental piece of research structure in any exploration. Information can be gathered in assortment of ways and in various setting. Information can be gotten from essential and auxiliary information. The essential information allude to data which assembled from direct encounters in the particular of studies. At that point, the optional information is the information which are gathered from the distribute information or the information gathered which are as of now existed. Essential Data Polls Polls will be offered out to Quantity Surveyors, Engineers and other development industry related employment, for example, contract executives and others. The polls are planned to amass all the data that expected to demonstrate the target of the exploration paper. Auxiliary Data The Literature Review was done to build up some broad information on the exploration theme. A more clear system of the exploration was set up for auxiliary information. These are totally gotten from: Diaries Articles Data from web Paper Distributer explore work Books 7.0 TENTATIVE CHAPTER HEADINGS Section 1: Introduction The presentation will talk about on issues identifying with maintainable development and supportability in obtainments. Different things included under this heading are issue proclamations, point and destinations and extent of the examination. This part will likewise line out the examination procedure of the exploration paper and its huge to the development business. Section 2: Literature Review Section 2 will survey on the supportable acquirement standards, the qualification among practical and green obtainment. The section will likewise survey different nations that have found a way to execute supportable acquisition in the open undertakings. The attributes, benefits and the acquirement rehearses in Malaysia will likewise be explored under this heading. Section 3: Sustainable Procurement This heading will additionally talk about on the reconciliation of the supportability into acquisition. The section will likewise examine the utilization of practical obtainment in different nations, for example, United Kingdom. The National approaches on supportability issues will likewise be examined in this part. This is to show that Malaysia have solid establishment on approach however need execution. The jobs of Government in executing reasonable acquisition will likewise be examined. Part 4: Data Analysis And Findings This part will talk about on the information acquired and discoveries on the examination. Part 5: Conclusion and Recommendations This section will close on the general issues and suggest the reasonable arrangement. Section 2:Â LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION These days, the utilization of merchandise and ventures causes the outflow of concoction substances, mass utilization of characteristic assets and other action creates waste and contamination. Maintainable acquisition guarantee the ecological, social and monetary goal is accomplished. The development business utilizes a ton of common assets, waste and contamination. So as to control these issues, the arrangement must beginning from the acquisition itself. Malaysian development industry has no issue in embracing and actualizing the manageable practices be that as it may, because of absence of information and because of money related limitations the advancement are moderate (Othman R., 2008). 2.1 SUSTAINABLE PROCUREMENT: AN OVERVIEW 2.1.1 Principle As indicated by United Nation, supportable guideline depends on ecological, social and monetary thought. These three goal must be joined together to deliver a feasible acquirement. The acquisition procedure must consider the existence cycle estimation of the venture, social effect and the monetary advantages. The existence cycle estimation of the undertaking doesn't implies the incentive as far as monetary worth as it were. The existence cycle estimation of the venture in feasible acquirement likewise implies the task have lower ecological effect. This guarantees the structure isn't just green at first, yet in addition after finish of utilization. The structure segments must comprise of materials that are Eco marked. Among the vitality rating mark on item is Energy Star. Vitality Star is a universal recogni

Internet Business Essay -- Business Analysis E-commerce

Web Business Official Summary: Over the a great many years that individuals have occupied with business with other, it has received the apparatuses and innovations that opened up. The consolidated impact of proceeding with deals development and rising working expenses has made the organization consider whether it could move the whole deals activity onto the Internet. In appreciating the potential effect of the Internet on the world economy, one ought to perceive that the innovation can reduce expenses, increment rivalry and improve the working of value systems in numerous business sectors. Electronic business is one of the way can finish all the said as above.  ¡Ã‚ §Electronic trade specifies the utilization of electronic information transmission to execute or improve business processes.⠡â ¨ (Biggs,1998) Electronic Business associates little to medium-sized organizations to the Internet, electronic business, and worldwide exchange. Regardless of for any estimated business, there likewise needs to give all information records degenerate out of organization. Publicizing and Promotion  ¡Ã‚ §Promotion is a procedure whereby data about the organization⠡â ¦s item or administration is encoded into a special message for ... ...clerk or has any misstep during the exchange. Additionally, Logistics division needs to handles client assistance issues when the items are not conveyed and it needs to keep track with. Despite the fact that the programmed attaching framework is well known for electronic business, anyway some of the time give a hotline to clients and have genuine individual answer the inquiry can let the clients feel significantly more agreeable at that point utilizing a framework. Reference Ray,M.L. ;,Publicizing and correspondences the board; Prentice Hall; Salle River, NJ; 1982 Radall,L; Average E-Commerce Web website costs US$1 Million;Computing Canada,2(24),1999 Harbrecht, Douglas;  ¡Ã‚ §Jeff Bezos: Amazon is something Genuinely new⠡â ¨,2002 www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/jan2002/nf20020128_01062.htm Biggs,M.; E Commerce Is Hot Today,but E Business is the blessing that continues giving throughout the entire year; Info World, 1998 Web Business Essay - Business Analysis E-trade Web Business Official Summary: Over the a huge number of years that individuals have occupied with trade with other, it has received the instruments and innovations that opened up. The joined impact of proceeding with deals development and rising working expenses has made the organization consider whether it could move the whole deals activity onto the Internet. In grasping the potential effect of the Internet on the world economy, one ought to perceive that the innovation can reduce expenses, increment rivalry and improve the working of value systems in numerous business sectors. Electronic trade is one of the way can finish all the said as above.  ¡Ã‚ §Electronic trade makes reference to the utilization of electronic information transmission to actualize or improve business processes.⠡â ¨ (Biggs,1998) Electronic Business interfaces little to medium-sized organizations to the Internet, electronic business, and worldwide exchange. Regardless of for any measured business, there additionally needs to give all information records degenerate out of organization. Publicizing and Promotion  ¡Ã‚ §Promotion is a procedure whereby data about the organization⠡â ¦s item or administration is encoded into a limited time message for ... ...clerk or has any misstep during the exchange. Additionally, Logistics division needs to handles client support issues when the items are not conveyed and it needs to keep track with. Despite the fact that the programmed attaching framework is well known for electronic business, anyway now and again give a hotline to clients and have genuine individual answer the inquiry can let the clients feel considerably more agreeable at that point utilizing a framework. Reference Ray,M.L. ;,Promoting and interchanges the executives; Prentice Hall; Salle River, NJ; 1982 Radall,L; Average E-Commerce Web website costs US$1 Million;Computing Canada,2(24),1999 Harbrecht, Douglas;  ¡Ã‚ §Jeff Bezos: Amazon is something Genuinely new⠡â ¨,2002 www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/jan2002/nf20020128_01062.htm Biggs,M.; E Commerce Is Hot Today,but E Business is the blessing that continues giving throughout the entire year; Info World, 1998

Life Without Televisions Free Essays

An existence without Television When my family’s just TV went to the mechanics shop a few days ago, my folks, my sister, and I figured we would have a horrendous week. How might we overcome the long nighttimes in such a tranquil house? What might it resemble without all the shows to stay with us? We before long acknowledged, however, that living without TV for some time was a stroke of favorable luck. It turned out to be simple for every one of us to appreciate a few exercises alone, to finish some deferred tasks, and to invest remunerating energy with one another and companions. We will compose a custom exposition test on An existence Without Televisions or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now As a matter of first importance, with no TV to vie for our time, we discovered a lot of hours for individual interests. We as a whole perused more that week than we had perused during the a half year prior. For example, I had the option to complete â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, a novel alloted in my English class. Likewise my more youthful sister read 300 pages of the last book of the â€Å"Twilight† arrangement. We each likewise delighted in certain side interests we had disregarded for a long time. My dad’s old excitement for cultivating returned, and he began planting vegetables in his nursery. My mother had the opportunity to open her bread shop book and prepare Italian pastries, for example, Profiterole and tiramisu. My sister and I played volleyball in the back yard, a game that we adored since we were more youthful. What's more, my sister and I both quit delaying with our schoolwork. We both discovered that it was extremely useful to chip away at schoolwork early; consequently I dealt with part three and four of my Algebra schoolwork for one week from now. I additionally completed my examination manage for my English test. My sister also took a shot at her French and Government assignments. Second we did errands that had been hanging over our heads for a really long time. There were numerous employments around the house that had required consideration for quite a while. Tidying up our rooms was the primary task we did; my sister and I tidied up our whole room and vacuumed the floor covering. At that point my mother cleaned the ledges and all the racks of the kitchen. At long last my father figured out how to clean his carport and put the entirety of his devices back on the racks. We additionally got an opportunity to do some since a long time ago delayed shopping. My dad went to SEARS to purchase a couch that was required in his room. My mother went to LOWES to purchase frill for her restroom. My sister and I went to the shopping center to get her prom dress and I had the option to purchase two of pants and two shirts that I needed. What's more, every one of us additionally found messages and did desk work that was long past due. My mother had some office work done, for example, deals reports for the panel of her organization. My father at long last composed an email to my grandmother that is living in Spain with my auntie Susan. My sister additionally answered to messages from her companions that live in Italy. Also, I had the option to finish my FASFA application for the fall semester. At long last, and likely generally significant, we invested energy with one another. Rather than simply being in a similar room together while we gazed at a screen, we really talked for some wonderful hours. My folks and I never had meaningful discussions, and during that week, we became acquainted with one another more than we accomplished for as far back as five years. My sister and I spoke progressively about one another and we discovered that we share a great deal of interests for all intents and purpose. Besides, without precedent for years, my family played a few games together. My sister appreciates playing Monopoly; thusly, we played consistently. We additionally played chest, one of my dad’s most loved games. My mom’s most loved game is dominos; in spite of the fact that my sister wound up dominating each match. What's more, since we didn’t need to stress over missing either appear, we had some family companions over on several nights and invested pleasant energy with them. We would play volleyball in the back yard. After a few games we would eat in the back yard getting a charge out of the stunning climate while tuning in to traditional music. Lastly after supper we would make a blaze and lounge around it and recollect recollections with our companions. When our TV returned, we were not set up to place it in the storage room. Be that as it may, we knew how it can assume control over our lives in the event that we are not cautious. We are presently increasingly specific. We turn on the set for our preferred shows, certain games, and the news, however we don’t leave it running all night. Therefore, we discover we can appreciate TV and still have time left over for different exercises and interests. Step by step instructions to refer to Life Without Televisions, Essay models

Describe General Cultural Diversity In The Modern World - 825 Words

Describe General Cultural Diversity In The Modern World (Essay Sample) Content: 1.Discuss the main features of motivation interviewing approach for cancelling people with substanceabuse disorders.Goals: It is aimed at increasing individual or client on the major importance and benefits accrued due to the change.Target population: It is oriented to people with wide range of behaviours such as; smoking, alcoholism and injection of various drugs.Practice component: This dictates the actual meeting time of the client and the motivator. This may be four hours or three hours a day.Practice theory: it involves the process of form of empathic counselling styles used2.What actually learned assumptions shape your counselling interviews with clients? Where do our assumptions come from? * Understanding of race, ethnicity, and culture. * Incorporation of cultural competence into interview process * Consideration that culture is important at all level of operation-individual and organization * Public advocacy of cultural responsive practices.Originated adminis trative experiences and available empirical evidences3.Improving Communications Through Self-disclosure and FeedbackIn brief, Johari window is a platform aimed at establishing and polishing communications and feedbacks through self-disclosure. It is typically composed of four windows namely; Arena, blind spot, faade and unknown. The four windows perform different functionalities. Arena basically deals with free communication of information between people which leads to good disclosure of their ideas amongst themselves. The blind spot is based on idea or problem that directly collides equally between two personalities. Facade deals on political and untrustworthiness covered by individuals for personal interest without considering other parties rights. Lastly, Unknown deals mostly on misunderstanding i.e. in couples which leads to fights and collusions triggered by confusion as everyone operates by his own.4.Diversity, Culture Competency and Ending Disparities in the 21st Century Me dical Practice.The topic aims at establishing better methods in regard to health sector. It is established that there exist healthy disparities in terms of race and ethnicity. Moreover, the education level of patients is addressed and invites a need for patient to express themselves word by word. In regard to disparities and their termination, it is proposed to incorporate the civil and health care skills in curriculum of all medical experts. Attempts to stop heath disparities have been established by certain organizations and several government policies have been put in place. Some of these organizations include; Commission to End Health Care Disparities(CEHCH), American Medical Association (AMA) and many others.5.Competency-Is it the Third Wave of diversity?The topic is oriented is peoples definition of culture. Many united states people argue of full knowledge of culture in bases of foods and holidays which is basically wrong. It i...

Emily Bronte and Gender in Wuthering Heights - Literature Essay Samples

In Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontà « explores the gender identity of both herself and her characters. She published the book under the name of Ellis Bell, which many readers took to be that of a man. As critic Nicola Thompson points out, most critics at the time noted the book’s â€Å"‘power,’ a characteristic invariably associated in Victorian literary criticism with male authors† (Thompson 346). Indeed, the novel was deemed by some as â€Å"too ‘male,’ and perhaps therefore not suited for a ‘feminized’ reading public† (Thompson 361). In a biographical preface to the novel’s 1880 reprint, Emily’s sister Charlotte explains that the sisters chose to write under assumed names to protect themselves from the scrutiny often faced by Victorian female writers. Given the reaction to Wuthering Heights, Emily Brontà « clearly achieved this objective.The issue of the author’s gender raises an interesting question about literary interpretation. One feminist outlook is that gender should not affect analysis of a work; the words should be all that matter. Emily Brontà « never revealed the book’s true, female authorship, but perhaps it was only her untimely death that precluded her disclosure. We cannot assume from her decision to write as Ellis Bell that she would have supported a genderless interpretation of the novel; rather, we might look at the way Brontà « portrays gender in Wuthering Heights to gain a better understanding of her beliefs on this issue. With this perspective, we see that the tumultuous plot of Catherine and Heathcliff’s love affair represents Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s tumultuous struggle for gender identity in a Victorian society consisting of only male or female ideals. According to Jean E. Kennard, â€Å"Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s sense of her sexual identity would have been modeled on what the nineteenth century called ‘sexual inversion,’† (Kennard 19). Kennard defines ‘sexual inversion’ as â€Å"not, like homosexuality, only a question of desire, of the choice of sexual object, but implies a much wider range of cross-gender behavior. [] Sexual inversion in women involved [†¦] ‘masculine’ behavior† (Kennard 19). The idea of ‘masculine behavior’ is easily apparent in Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s work. Her writing style not only was considered masculine by reviewers and critics of Wuthering Heights, but fellow villagers described her â€Å"more like a boy than a girl† (Kennard 22). Many others who met her described her masculine as well, including a girl she had worked with, a servant, and Ellen Nussey, a close friend of Charlotte Brontà « (Kennard 22). Her own father called her â€Å"the Major,† a very ‘masculine’ nickname (Kennard 22).Based upon Kennard’s claims that Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s gender identity was one of ‘sexual inversion,’ one can begin to regard the lives of Catherine and Heathcliff as a representation of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s ideals of gender and sexuality. Wuthering Heights becomes a reincarnation of Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s own transformations by fulfilling the ideal presented by Charlotte Goodman of the male-female double Bildungsroman in which the â€Å"paired male and female protagonist [†¦] appear to function as psychological ‘doubles,’ for each character is intensely involved with the psychic life of his or her counterpart† (Goodman 31).One must first view the characters of Catherine and Heathcliff not as two separate beings, but rather as a reflection of one another. In the novel, Catherine confesses this ideal to Nelly: â€Å"[Heathcliff’s] more myself than I am. Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same [†¦] Nelly, I am Heathcliff—he’s always, always in my mind—not as a pleasure, any more than I am a pleasure to myself—but a s my own being† (Brontà « 59-60). Catherine herself struggles with society’s ideals of how a proper woman should behave. Her encounters with Edgar Linton forces her into the ‘proper’ image of a Victorian young lady: â€Å"a very dignified person, with brown ringlets falling from the cover of a feathered beaver, and a long cloth habit which she was obliged to hold up with both hands [†¦] displaying fingers wonderfully whitened with doing nothing, and staying indoors† (Brontà « 37-38). Catherine represents the part of Brontà « that desires to survive in a Victorian society in which females can only have feminine traits, and males can only contain masculine traits. Brontà « uses Catherine to display the desire to rid herself of masculinity, and as Catherine’s death implies, the inability to do so. Catherine becomes weakened and ill with the attempt to coincide her two loves—Edgar and Heathcliff. Edgar represents her desire to be p art of society, while Heathcliff remains the underlying truth of who she truly is. Catherine dies of childbirth, an act that associates itself with proper Victorian women’s duties. Although the tension between Catherine’s masculinity and feminism causes her to weaken, in the end, she dies as she is about to fulfill the Victorian feminine ideal of motherhood.During the novel, the character of Heathcliff disappears only to return â€Å"a tall, athletic, well-formed man [†¦] even dignified, quite divested of roughness though too stern for grace† (Brontà « 70). When Catherine passes away, all of the degradation Heathcliff has endured spurs a bitter design for revenge. Heathcliff’s childhood bitterness, his revenge plot, mirrors what one can imagine Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s state while writing Wuthering Heights. The novel’s violence and vulgarity stem from Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s inner revengeful-Heathcliff. As Heathcliff ages and begins to accept his past, he only wishes to be reunited with his Catherine in death. Catherine’s ghost haunts him, he confesses to Nelly: â€Å"filling the air at night, and caught by glimpses in every object, by day I am surrounded with her image!† The final reunion of Heathcliff and Catherine in death would end the schism between male and female, just as Brontà « wishes to connect her masculine and feminine traits into a third gender, one without limitations. Catherine and Heathcliff’s separation and desire for reunification reveal a woman who found herself in the undefined middle ground between being a â€Å"woman† or a â€Å"man.† Goodman states, â€Å"The double form of the Bildungsroman, with its focus on both a male and a female protagonist, appears to be particularly congenial to the woman novelist who wishes to emphasize the way in which a society that rigidly differentiates between male and female gender roles limits the full development of women and men alike [ †¦] the male-female Bildungsroman dramatizes the limitations imposed on both the male and the female protagonist in a patriarchal society where androgynous wholeness no longer is possible† (Goodman 31).However, the ending of Wuthering Heights does not necessarily prove that Brontà « ever did find gender unity. Perhaps Wuthering Heights is only a representation of what Brontà « wished for, not what she had already accomplished; after all, despite her ‘masculine’ writing she was also considered â€Å"conventionally feminine in her artistic passivity and innocence† in her sister’s view (351). While she did not successfully meld the masculine and feminine parts of herself in life, in Wuthering Heights she admirably explored the connection and possible unity between the two.Works CitedBrontà «, Emily. Wuthering Heights. 1847. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover, 1996.Goodman, Charlotte. â€Å"The Lost Brother, the Twin: Women Novelists and the Male-Female Doubl e Bildungsroman.† NOVEL: A Forum on Fiction. 17: 1 (1983): 28-43.Kennard, Jean E. â€Å"Lesbianism and the Censoring of Wuthering Heights.† NWSA Journal. 8: 2 (1996): 17-36.Thompson, Nicola. â€Å"The Unveiling of Ellis Bell: Gender and the Reception of Wuthering Heights.† Women’s Studies. 24: 4 (1995): 341-367

Symptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay - 1473 Words

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is an unfortunate reality that plagues nearly 12 percent of women in the United States. 1 After being diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer, the 5 year survival rate diminishes to 22% according the Cancer Treatment Centers of America.2 All types of cancer treatments are associated with certain problematic side effects. In many cases the side effects from the treatments are the main cause for decrease in the overall quality of life and function for the patient. The three most common treatments for breast cancer are surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Common side effects from chemotherapy include; cancer related fatigue (CRF), pain, mouth and throat sores, and nervous system effects such as peripheral neuropathy.3 Many of the side effects associated with radiation therapy are similar to that of chemotherapy, but also include skin irritation and burns.4 Upper extremity range of motion and strength deficits are common impairments that follow surgical interventions for br east cancer. Physical therapy can be used to decrease a variety of these side effects during and after any cancer treatment. Moreover, studies have shown that patients who have an exercise regimen will have decreased instances of CRF.5 Creating effective and safe exercise regimens, that increase overall function and prevent musculoskeletal degradation, fall under the domain of physical therapist. In order to diminish the effects of CRF, patients are asked to increase theirShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer1575 Words   |  7 Pages Cancer is among one of the most deadly diseases along with diabetes to set foot on this planet. Breast cancer is the most common for women and has accounted for more than 190,000 diagnoses in the year of 2009 alone (Susan, 2009). Treatment advances have been taking into action and further research has been done to minimize the total amount of patients in treatment. Even then, Cost of treatment has been a factor to some patients because those seeking medical attention are not aware of the expensesRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesnot take medication for it; rather, she controls it through her diet. My mom had breast cancer six years ago and underwent a mastectomy and chemotherapy. The cancer is in now in remission and she made a full recovery. She does have chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy in her hands, legs, and feet, so she experiences pain, tingling, and numbness, which she manages with pain medication. Other than breast can cer, she has not had any other major health concerns. She has been retired for five yearsRead MoreSymptoms and Treatment of Breast Cancer Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesSymptoms and Treatment of Breast Cancer Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women and has the highest fatality rate of all cancers affecting this sex. It is the leading cause of death among women aged 35-54. In 1999 an estimated 175,000 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. That is one woman every three minutes. At the same time 43,000 will die, at the rate of one every two minutes. The incidence of men diagnosed with breast cancer is rare, however it does occur. ApproximatelyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer1377 Words   |  6 PagesFibrocystic Condition Fibrocystic condition, commonly referred to as fibrocystic disease, is known to be the most common lesion found within the breast tissue. In comparison with breast cancer, this lesion is often painful and can often produce multiple lesions throughout the breast tissue. The lesions are known to fluctuate in size most often around the premenstrual phase, which is also when most pain is experienced (Giuliano, 2014). Fibrocystic condition is most common in women age 30 to 50Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancers are classified by several classifications as: - Histopathology - Grades - Stages - Receptor status. Each of these influences the prognosis and can affect treatment response. Description of a breast cancer optimally includes all of these factors: †¢ Histopathology: Breast cancer is usually classified primarily by its histological appearance. Most breast cancers are derived from the epithelium lining the ducts or lobules, and these cancers are classified as ductal or lobular carcinomaRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Therapeutic Therapy For Patients With Multiple Sclerosis s Lymphoma And Breast Cancer1328 Words   |  6 Pagescells.[1,2] It is licensed for use in UK in the treatment of leukaemia, Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and breast cancer which has spread to other organs (metastasis)[3]. It can also be used in non-resectable primary hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer which has not metastasised, but cannot be removed by surgical intervention).[3] Dosages for these indications tend to be around 12mg/m2 of body surface area (BSA), and is administered in cycles of treatment due to mitoxantrone’s cell cycle non-specificityRead MoreInformative Breast Cancer Speech Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech: Breast Cancer Attention Getter: What do Sheryl Crow, Judy Blume, Suzanne Somers, Wanda Sykes and my Mother have in common? They are all breast cancer survivors. Topic Disclosure: Today I am going to talk to you about breast cancer information and awareness Preview: During my speech I will discuss: * Symptoms and Diagnosis * Treatment and Side effects * Ways to lower risk and Statistics Audience Link: There is a large amount of men and women who are diagnosedRead MoreOrgan Specific Cancer Treatments. Certain Advanced Cancer1068 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific cancer treatments Certain advanced cancer hospitals manage cancer in an organ specific way, and accordingly oncologists are reserved for treating cancers affecting specific organs only. Accordingly, oncologists have successfully treated breast cancer, head and neck cancer, gynecological cancer, orthopedic cancer, lung cancer, neuro cancer, and liver cancer. Understanding each organ specific cancer and the treatment available for it Breast Cancer It is the commonest of cancers affectingRead MoreBreast Cancer Is A Fascinating Disease That Takes The Life1318 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a fascinating disease that takes the life of thousands of women every year. It is one of the leading causes of death for women in their middle ages. First, the definition of cancer is uncontrolled division of cells cancerous cells in the body. Therefore, breast cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth of cancerous cells in the breasts. Breast cancer has been noted in history for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks first discovered the disease about 3,500 years ago (Mandal, 2013)Read MoreBreast Cancer : A Disease That Comes Unexpectedly Essay1072 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer is a disease that comes unexpectedly; many people tend to overlook the symptoms. There are different types of breast cancers that require treatments and surgery. The course of treatment varies from patient to patient because there are many factors that can contribute to a patient’s treatment plan. Once the plan is in place, there are many things that will need to be done in order to ensure that the cancer will not return. Trying to beat cancer can be a long, extraneous, and in some

White House Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act Essay

Introduction to White House Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) Issues On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), known to everyone as the new and improved Health Care Reform. The new law was designed to make sure that consumers and their doctors, were in charge of their health care rather than insurance companies. The changes made in Health Care Reform laws by subsequent legislation implemented significant changes that reduced insurance fraud and protected the rights of the consumer. The Health Care Reform laws also provided world renowned benefits through health insurance marketplace’s so that business could compete to win the insurer s business. This article will attempt to address several policy modifications that positively and negatively impacted the desired outcome of Health Care Reform as it applies to the Affordable Care Act. Lastly, this article will also suggest three (3) methods by which the Constitution, specifically the powers of Congress address the role of the gov ernment through the use of business administration. Public Policy Challenges with the Implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) The health care policy for many years has posed significant challenges for administrators within the federal system, which also span in the public, nonprofit and business arena. One of the administrative agency’s primary area of focus is to educate individual through preventiveShow MoreRelatedThe Patient Protection Affordable Care Act Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, more commonly known as Obamacare, was passed in June of 2010 by the Supreme Court (Doyle 1). Georges C. Benjamin, MD, the executive director of the Public Health Association says: The new law will guarantee millions of Americans access to quality, affordable care regardless of health status; decrease rates of the nation’s leading chronic diseases; control soaring health spending; and strengthen our battered public health infrastructure†¦ Health reformRead MorePatient Protection and Affordable Care Act868 Words   |  4 Pageseffect the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or widely known as â€Å"Obamacare.† The changes that the act is making with all of health care will slowly be implemented throughout the years, and should be completed by 2022 (Obamacare Facts: Dispelling the Myths). In the Affordable Care Act it changes or alters almost all programs that we have today and creates new programs to assist people and properly state what type if care is expected and required of health care professionals. The Patient ProtectionRead MorePatient Protection And Affordable Care Act1591 Words   |  7 PagesH.R. 3590 (111th): Patient Prote ction and Affordable Care Act When president Obama was a candidate in the 2008 election he promised wide scale health care reform that would increase the availability and affordability of medical insurance for a large portion of the American population. At the time of his campaign, millions of low-income Americans were stuck in the Medicaid gap – where they could not afford health insurance, but also were not eligible for the joint state and federal government MedicaidRead MorePatient Protection And Affordable Care Act Of 20101429 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Bargaining â€Å"On March 23, 2010, President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act into law, putting in place comprehensive reforms that improve access to affordable health coverage for everyone and protect consumers from abusive insurance company practices† (The White House, n.d.a, para. 1). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA – Obama Care) is an effort to reduce the cost of health care in America through a series of provisions taking effect between 2010 and 2018Read MoreThe Affordable Care Act And How It Affects My Personal Nursing Practice1236 Words   |  5 Pagescitizens. If a patient is uninsured, their bills typically fall to the Medicare system. Because of this, the elderly are unable to use the benefits of Medicare as they should be allotted. By initiating the Affordable Care Act, the government is attempting to realign the balance between the insurance companies and Medicare, and to provide millions of uninsured Americans the opportunity to have medical insurance (King, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Affordable Care Act, and how itRead MoreAffordable Care Act Research Paper934 Words   |  4 PagesThe Affordable Care Act (ACA) is a very controversial topic that I never quite understood until I got to read the supplemental chapter untitled â€Å"The Affordable Care Act: A Brief History, Assessment, and Future Challenges.† Throughout this paper, I will be answering five questions about the ACA. The first question has to do with listing and explaining three demographics that contributed to disparities in health insurance coverage prior to the ACA. There were many demographics that contributed to disparitiesRead MoreMy Health Policy Framework And The Affordable Care Act1235 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Understanding the complex structure of the many health care subsystems in the United States goes a long way to explaining why it is often so hard to get anything done or to create change; a system this complicated does not move quickly or easily—or sometimes, at all. Understanding that the system is made up of multiple separate and unconnected collections of financing and provision of care reveals how difficult it is to carry out any reasonable system-wide planning for the entire systemRead MoreObamacare : A Successful Story1136 Words   |  5 Pagesof the United States, Barack Obama, signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which is commonly called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) or familiarly the Obamacare (What is ObamaCare). President Obama created ACA to make health care more affordable and accessible for people in the United States. The Affordable Care Act guarantees most people will have health insurances as well as reduces the high cost of health care of individual and government. These are also two pointsRead MoreObamacare : An Controversial Topic Amount American People888 Words   |  4 Pagesthe new Affordable Healthcare Act. A solution to the problem is to let Americans choose the insurance they want and allow the government to crack down on insurance companies, not dictate what Americans can and cannot do. The major points of Obamacare, also known as the Affordable Care Act, are they have reduced the number of uninsured families (Millman). Secondly, an individual cannot be denied insurance if they have a preexisting condition (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act). ThirdRead MoreEssay On Affordable Care Act1325 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare reform and the Affordable Care ACT and how it relates to the Electronic Health Record. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as Obama Care) was passed by congress and signed into law by then President Barack Obama in March of 2010. The plan was promised to lower health care costs for millions of Americans while adding 30 million people to the covered pool of individuals in the country. The plan was first introduced as legislation in the US House of Representatives in

Art History Survey Class Syllabus - 1170 Words

ISSUES IN CONTEMPORARY ART Woodbury University Professor Kathleen Onofrio FN 205 Spring 2004 Office Hours: by appointment Required Text: Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook of Artists’ Writings, eds. Kristine Stiles and Peter Selz, University of California Press, 1996. General Information Attendance and participation is mandatory. Our lectures and discussions ARE the course. Assigned readings are not optional either, as they are the substance behind the form of the classroom interaction: if you don’t have one, the other doesn’t materialize. The course consists of two one hour and fifteen minute sessions per week, Tuesday and Wednesday afternoons from 4:30 until 5:45. Oral component: Class†¦show more content†¦Please have those readings and journal writings completed by that class session. Jan 13-14 Syllabus Explanation: oral presentations, journal entries, essays. Reading: Enlightenment handout Overview, background: Enlightenment, (Newton Galileo); Classicism/Romanticism (French other Revolutions); Impressionism Post (Industrial Revolution, Darwin), Modernism (WWI, Freud, WWII) Pop Op (Vietnam, sexual revolution, Watergate); today (technological revolution). Jan 20-21 General Abstraction Reading: pages 11-62 Frankenthaler, Newman, Mitchell, Pollock, Rothko, Motherwell, Twombly. Jan 27-28 Geomoetric Abstraction Reading: pages Truitt, Noland, Reinhardt, Kelly, Klein, Judd, Flavin Feb. 3-4 Figuration Reading: pages Giacometti, Leger, Clemente, de Koonig, Appel, Neel, Kitaj, Spero, Mappelthorpe Journals Due Feb. 10-11 Material Culture Reading: pages Rauschenberg, Johns, Oldenburg, Warhol, Ringgold, Kruger, Levine, Koons Feb 17-18 Art and Technology Reading: pages Anderson, Viola, Nam Paik, Feb 24-25 Reading March 2-3 Installations Reading: pages Cornell, Nevelson, Chillida, Lin, Smithson, Holt, Denes, Christo, Aycock Journals Due March 9-10 Process Reading: pages Hesse, Graves, Serra, Nauman, Gilligan, Benglis, Puryear, Beuys, Kounellis, Horn First essay due March 16-17 Spring Break March 23-24 Performance Art Reading: pages Cage, Schneeman, Sherman, Ono, Acconci, Finley, Antin, Piper March 30-31Show MoreRelatedArt 1011313 Words   |  6 PagesCollege ART 100 ---- Winter Intersession 2016 --- Intersession INTRODUCTION TO ART CONCEPTS Instructor: Michael Fremont Redfield Email: redfield_michael@sac.edu Office Phone: 714-564-5600 Mobile Phone: 949-293-9737 Office Location: by appointment ART 100 --- Introduction to Art An introductory course for both the general interest and art major student: a survey of the nature and role of the visual arts in society. Art theory, art practices and an overview of art history will beRead MoreEssay on ART 305 Syllabus 1 2559 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ART 305: ART MASS CULTURE Class Syllabus Professor Eve Wood Fall 2014 Office hours: Thu 3PM by appt. Office: Sagebrush 224 Office phone: (818) 677-6454 - no messages E-mail: wood_eve@csun.edu Meeting time: ONLINE COURSE DESCRIPTION: Prerequisite: Completion of the lower division writing requirement. An introduction for the non-art major to the relationships between art and mass culture. Illustrated lectures explore the development, techniques, and ideas underlying theRead MoreIs Gaokao Good Or Bad? Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesCurrently, the same examination paper is adopted by ten provinces; the rest still use self-designed test paper. Chinese, Maths, and one foreign language are mandatory subjects for all students. Those concentrated in Liberal Arts take an extra integrative test including Politics, History, and Geography; while those concentrated in Science take test including Biology, Chemistry, and Physics (http://www.moe.gov.cn, 2015). Despite various problems pointed out in this evaluation system, Gaokao acts an essentialRead MoreMusic In Film F14 Syllabus2373 Words   |  10 PagesJack Unzicker Office Number: Fine Arts Building, Room 254 Office Telephone Number: 817.272.1103 Email Address: unzicker@uta.edu Students are required to use their official UT Arlington e-mail address for all university-related business. Faculty Profile: https://www.uta.edu/profiles/jack-unzicker Office Hours: By appointment. To schedule an appointment, email unzicker@uta.edu and include your available times. Section Information: MUSI 2301.001 Time and Place of Class Meetings: 1:00-1:50pm Mondays, WednesdaysRead MoreCourse Syllabi- History of Graphic Design2614 Words   |  11 PagesCourse Title: History of Graphic Design Course Number: AH315 Department: Liberal Arts Term: FALL 2013 Room Number and Time: 125 / Fridays 3:15-6:00pm Credit Hours: 3 Prerequisites: LA 1210122, LA 125-126, and AH 210211 or consent of instructor Instructor Name: Paul Mazzucca Instructor Contact Info: pmazzucca@pnca.edu Instructor Office Hours: TBD Course Description History of Graphic Design is a critical contextual research and survey study of the intents, influences, practicesRead MoreCaribbean Studies Syllabus5959 Words   |  24 PagesStratification a. Plantation society and its impact on Caribbean social stratification (that is, race, colour, and money as major factors in social stratification); education as a basis for new class formation and upward mobility; b. Concepts such as plantocracy, intelligentsia, middle class, bourgeoisie, working class, underclass, caste; iii. Social Mobility iv. Hybridization a. Factors such as racial admixture and colour in the formation of Caribbean society and culture; terms like mulatto, meztizoRead MoreHow Does Technology Affect Education?2469 Words   |  10 Pagesmethods. II. Technology gives easier access to information. Pros about using technology to access information. 1. According to Lepi (2012), the Internet saves time. 98% of students use their device to get information at school. 84% are receiving syllabus and class announcements online. 2. Technology is easy to use at school. 51% would do reading requirements if they were available on digital devices (Lepi,2012). 3. Many students prefer laptops over textbooks. 5% of students feel that textbooks areRead MoreCommunicative Language Teaching15330 Words   |  62 Pagesskills and microskills to teach and in what sequence. Decisions about these issues belong to the field of syllabus design or course design. Decisions about how best to teach the contents of a syllabus belong to the field of methodology. Language teaching has seen many changes in ideas about syllabus design and methodology in the last 50 years, and CLT prompted a rethinking of approaches to syllabus design and methodology. We may conveniently group trends in language teaching in the last 50 years intoRead MoreTechnology Is Just A Tool2184 Words   |  9 Pagesknowledge and to give instruction. The use of technology in the elementary school classroom using bring your own device (BYOD), smartphones, iPad and laptops is greatly enhancing the students involvement in class. Bring your own device (BYOD) greatly enhances the students involvement in class. If the students are not worried about writing notes down, they will look at the board and participate more in the conversation. By taking a picture of the presentation or whiteboard, the students will haveRead MoreClil2992 Words   |  12 Pagessimple English-medium education in that the learner is not necessarily expected to have the English proficiency required to cope with the subject before beginning study.† Graddol states that the focus on learning is on the content (subjects such as history or science) as well as English which is considered a vehicle for learning content. He also emphasizes the fact that students do not need to be language proficient to learn the content because they will pick up the language when studying the subject

Should Smoking Be Banned Public Places - 941 Words

To Smoke or Not to Smoke There are many reasons why individuals choose to smoke despite the warnings and dangers. Smokers normally start from a young age trying to fit in with the crowd, look older, rebelliousness, or just experimenting. As these individuals get older they try to cope with the stresses of everyday life by continuing to smoking. It makes them feel more relaxed and at ease. Whatever the reason is, it is a hard habit to break once one starts. For many smokers today it is getting hard to find a place to smoke. Comedians joke about going to another planet just to light up. Smoking should be banned in public places because smoking is just as bad for nonsmokers as it is for smokers. The effects of secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke could be life threating. The first report of the Surgeon General s Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health was released on January 11, 1964. The committee concluded that cigarette smoking was a cause of lung cancer and lar yngeal cancer in men, a probable cause of lung cancer in women, and the most important cause of chronic bronchitis (cdc.com). According to a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries approximately 21,000 deaths of lung cancer could be attributed to second hand smoking (Pallis, et al. 494). Emphysema is another smoking related disease, which is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies have been conducted in mice to correlate the serum cotinine level withShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?864 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is one of the practices which is considered highly dangerous to our health because it impacts the smoker and the people around them. There are approximately one billion smokers. Smoking is a big issue that the nonsmoker faces. For example, when the smokers smoke in public places like restaurants, universities and other public places it hurts the non-smoker. The non-smoker breathing the cigarette, marijuana or hookah smoke from the smoker do both of them are breathing toxic chemicals. In aRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?950 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk in to public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigarette. Smoking is a big health problem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Places?885 Words   |  4 Pagesday I walk into public place with a friend right away we sat down to eat, we were having a conversation later we smell cigarette smoke in the air. I start coughing from the smell of smoke. I also notice a lot of customers who like eating dinner at a public place smoking cigare tte. Smoking is a big health problem I feel it is not fair to take away cigarette for people who smoke in American who desire smoke cigarette. Even thought the same as the concession is able to be taking place on this topicRead MoreSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned Essay474 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking in Public Places Should Be Banned I feel very strongly that smoking in public places should be banned. I will list my reasons for my thinking below and explain why I think this. I cannot stand walking down a street behind someone who is smoking. Every time they exhale I then have to walk into a cloud of their smoke. My clothes smell, because they have been saturated with the smoke, it gets into my hair too. It also affects my health. It was found that sevenRead MoreEssay on Smoking In Public Places Should Be Banned463 Words   |  2 PagesSmoking In Public Places Should Be Banned There should be rules enforced for smoking in public places. Smokers just do not know the negative influence they are spreading. A puff of cigarette can harm a smokers health. When I go to a restaurant I do not like to leave smelling like smoke. It is the same going to a garbage dump, and smelling like garbage. I am not a smoker, and I cannot stand having the stench of smoke on my clothes. The smell of smoke is not harmful, but secondhand smoke isRead MoreSmoking Should be Banned in Public Places Essays1464 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the past few decades it has come to light that smoking kills. The federal government mandates that every pack of cigarettes carry a warning on it that smoking can lead to health problems including death. But the messages are rather clinical, for example: â€Å"Smoking Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, and May Complicate Pregnancy.† Smoking is a danger to one’s own health but there is now evidence that smoking can affect others as well. Second hand smoke has been shown to cause cancerRead MoreEssay Smoking Should NOT Be Banned in Public Places730 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Should Not Be Banned in Restaurants      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the perfect situation, smoking policy would be set by bar or restaurant owners, and customers would patronize the establishments with the policy they prefer. Customers would decide-without the governments help-if they want to avoid smoke-filled rooms or enter them. They might even choose to sit in an area sectioned off for smokers or non-smokers, but the ultimate issue is choice (Ruwart 1). When the government starts telling restaurantRead MoreEssay about Smoking In Public Places Should be Banned766 Words   |  4 Pages Do you mind people smoking around you in public places? According to the pro-smoking group Air Initiative 7 in 10 of you do. Do you think it is fair to discriminate against smokers, forcing them to stand outside and smoke? On the other hand is it fair that non-smokers should have to inhale second hand smoke which can dame their health? (Do you support this ban or do you oppose it?) Personally I oppose it as I believe that non-smokers shouldn†™t be subjected to a smoky environment on a night out.Read MoreNationwide Smoking Ban: Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places899 Words   |  4 Pagesthe public about its dangers in 1972 (Schick Glantz, 2005). Do people knowingly have the right to put others’ health at risk? No, they do not. Exposure to cigarette smoke is a public health risk. Therefore, smoking should be banned in all public places, nationwide. There has been no attempt to impose a national smoking ban by the U.S. government. All current bans are in place because of state and local legislation. Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights lists the various state and local smoking lawsRead MoreEssay about Smoking Should be Banned in All Public Places1133 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Should be Banned in All Public Places Every year thousands of people die because of having cancer or other tobacco related illnesses due to smoking. Smoking is seen everywhere from our own television screens to even the world wide web; the internet. Tobacco is the substance that is in these cigarettes. These tobacco products are promoted through tobacco ads that are found almost everywhere you turn. They are in magazines, television screens, on the internet

Pglo free essay sample

Experiment #5 Aim: Purpose of this lab is to have plasmid activity transformed Material: Bacteria starter plate, pGLO DNA Plasmid, microcentrifuge tubes, Ice, water bath, CaCl2 Transformation solution, (LB) agar plate, (LB/Amp) agar plate, (LB/Amp/ara) agar plate, Micropipette, and Micropipette tips. Method: Genetic transformation is a procedure which is done by taking genes from one organism and putting them in another organism. A gene is a piece of DNA that instruct for making a new protein and from this protein organism a certain trait. A gene is inserted into an organism in order to change the organism’s trait. This procedure lab is divided into two day lab. On day one, we started the procedure with getting agar plate where HB101 bacteria were growing for 24 hours at 37C. We began by first labeling two microtubes; one with (+pGLO) and second with (-pGLO). 250ul of transformation solution which we used (CaCl2) was transfer to each tubes and placed those tubes on ice. We will write a custom essay sample on Pglo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page HB101 bacteria single colony was picked by using sterile inoculation loop and immersed into (+pGLO) tube and later immersed into (-pGLO) using same technique. Both time we used different sterile inoculation loop. The tubes were placed back into the ice after mixing well the colony each time. The pGLO plasmid DNA was added by the instructor into (+pGLO) not into (-PGLO) tube and placed the tube back into ice. The tubes were incubated on ice for 10 minutes. Once done incubating both tubes were performed heat shocks at 42 degree C temperature for 50 second. Both tubes were immediately placed into the ice for another 2 minutes. After 2 minutes, 250ul of LB broth was added to each tube and again incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Once the incubation was done, we transferred 100ul of cell suspension to the plates which was provided by using the table LB/Amp| LB/Amp/ara| LB/Amp| LB| (+pGLO)| (+pGLO)| (-pGLO)| (-pGLO)| Once the cell suspension was transferred, cells were gently spread 10 swipes using inoculation loop on the agar and rotated the plate 45 degree. The plates were placed into incubator at 37 degrees by turning he tubes upside down and taping them. Result:

Near Field Communication free essay sample

NFC is a short form for Near Field Communication, a technology that allows similar or NFC enabled devices to communicate with each other either by touching or bringing them into closer proximity – all wirelessly and is usually done within not more than a few centimeters †¢The communication can also be established between a NFC device with an unpowered NFC chip, which is called as tag. For example a movie poster outside a theater. So in this case your Smartphone would be the initiator and that movie poster would be the passive objective. Once, you touch the Smartphone to this tag, the information related to the movie, such as trailer, cast crew info, timings will be received to your NFC device. †¢Near Field Communication is a short-range high frequency wireless technology, which enables the exchange of data between devices over about a 10-centimeter distance. The design includes a near-field transmitter and receiver to send data from one computer to another †¢NFC (Near Field Communication) is a new technology that’s being added to mobile phones that allows an NFC sensor chip to be recognized by simply tapping it with an NFC-enabled phone or holding the phone in close proximity to it, to automatically make a payment, download a coupon, or open a website, video, or other digital content. We will write a custom essay sample on Near Field Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though not yet in widespread use because of the limited number of mobile devices designed with NFC sensors and the relative complexity and expense of producing materials with embedded chips, NFC is a growing technology platform that can be used to address a variety of scenarios. †¢Near Field Communication is a a short-range wireless technology that allows information to be exchanged between two NFC- enabled devices over short distances. Handsets with built-in NFC will dramatically simplify the way consumer devices interact with one another. Near Field Communication (NFC), as an emerging and promising technology, is an integration of Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)technologywithmobiledevices. NFC-enabled mobile devices can act as contactless smart cards and are also capable to read and write data from/to those cards. Research endeavors concerning NFC appear to focus mainly on development of NFC enabled services and applications. On the other hand, benefits and underlying values associated with different NFC applications’ service is not yet well elaborated. NFC is a short-range, low-power communications protocol between two devices. One device, the initiator, uses magnetic induction to create a radio-wave field that the target can detect and access, allowing small amounts of data to be transferred wirelessly over a relatively short distance (in NFCs case, the distance must be less than 4 inches). If that sounds a lot like RFID, the tech used by, for example, wireless toll-collection devices like EZ-Pass and FasTrak, its probably because NFC is pretty much an evolved form of RFID. The difference is that RFID is a one-way street: Your EZ-Pass transmitter beams your $4. 25 toll to the tollbooths receiver, and thats the extent of the transaction. But, crucially, NFC is two-way, allowing your NFC-enabled gadget to both send and receive information. Advantages of NFC Technology †¢Inherent security †¢Ease of use (Very familiar to people, only touch) †¢Mobile phones can be used both as an information storage devices or an NFC reader †¢They can read information from NFC tags †¢They can be used as a digital storage e. g. storing credit card information.

Shelleys Mont Blanc What Is the Mountain Outside of the Mind Essay Example

Shelleys Mont Blanc: What Is the Mountain Outside of the Mind? Paper Percy Shelley encountered in Nature a phenomenon which for him recreated the clear, cognizant thinking unlocked only in dreams. His excursion to the valley of Charmonix in the south of France resulted in the awe inspiring sight of Mont Blanc actively challenging his knowledge of the limits of the human mind, allowing a murky idealism inspired by the philosopher David Hume to come to the forefront of his writing. He questioned outright whether the mountain, or at least his interpretation of it, existed outside of the imaginings of his mind. Though his conclusion may have been infinitely doubtful, his thesis was clear: there can exist no purely objective reality. Though the physicality of the mountain was unquestionable, its true purpose was not. Thus the poem examines Nature in two ways: the traditional view of Nature as an alien and indifferent entity which exists outside of our minds, to touch and feel, and Nature as a construct of the human mind. It is also a poem which, despite its conventions, is alogical, and lends itself to understanding only in impressions. We must swiftly ignore the interpretation of Nature as an entity in competition with man, something which exists for a solely physical purpose. By this point it is outdated and it is clear that the mountain of which Shelley speaks is inseparable from the experiences occurring in his mind. There is something about the construct of the mountain, its stark, majestic appearance, its springing forth from the darkness that has unlocked a thought process for Shelley which was hitherto accessible only in a dreamlike state. Dizzy Ravine! We will write a custom essay sample on Shelleys Mont Blanc: What Is the Mountain Outside of the Mind? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shelleys Mont Blanc: What Is the Mountain Outside of the Mind? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shelleys Mont Blanc: What Is the Mountain Outside of the Mind? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And when I gaze on thee I seem as in a trance sublime and strange To muse on my own separate phantasy, My own, my human mind, which passively Now renders and receives fast influencings, Holding an unremitting interchange With the clear universe of things around, When Shelley gazed upon the mountain he had no choice but to look within himself as well. It is well-known that Shelley was well versed in the philosophy of Locke and Hume, thinkers who in general terms believed that our ideas are derived from sensory impressions. That is not to say that we analyze our ideas into copies of experiences, but rather that we synthesize, actively generate these beliefs through imagination. This perhaps explains Shelleys immediacy in the opening verses of the poem: The everlasting universe of things Flows through the mind, and rolls its rapid waves, Now dark? now glittering? now reflecting gloom? Now lending splendour, where from secret springs The source of human thought its tribute brings In some sense Shelley looks to the mountain as a source of omnipotence, for he addresses it directly with his questions: Some say that gleams of a remoter world Visit the soul in sleep,? that death is slumber, And that its shapes the busy thoughts outnumber Of those who wake and live.? I look on high, Shelley concerns himself deeply with Nature, and by consequence Mans capacity for good and evil. It is the struggle to ascertain whether it is possible to reconcile humans with nature, or whether it remains alien and aloof to human needs, as the judgment of good and evil is a purely man made concept. Thou hast a voice, great Mountain, to repeal Large codes of fraud and woe, not understood By all, but which the wise, and great, and good Interpret, or make felt, or deeply feel. It is interesting that Shelley, being an idealist, employs commonsense realism in his verse. All things that move and breathe with toil and sound Are born and die, revolve, subside and swell. This knowledge is the result of past observation, it is concrete and knowable. What remains unknown is the mountain, Nature, himself. What is perhaps most important in Shelleys poem, and perhaps the vaguest element, is his use of circular imagery: In dream, and does the mightier world of sleep Spread far around and inaccessibly Its circles? The breath and blood of distant lands, for ever Rolls its loud waters to the ocean waves, Breathes its swift vapours to the circling air There is a circular interplay between the physical manifestation of the mountain and the perception within Shelleys mind. It is a process in which what he sees informs him, and thus he informs what he sees. This process by which Shelley receives the mountain in waves is exactly how he relates it to us: in sublime bursts and raves. Indeed, the entire functioning of the mountain is based on this circular philosophy, the cycle of destruction and regeneration with no regard for life. As Shelley muses, ? So much of life and joy is lost.? Ultimately, in the event that there is no God, it is Nature that reconciles us through this process to life and death. What amount of this is revelation to Shelley through the omnipotence of the mountain, and what amount of knowledge did he already have within him? The mountain as Shelley defines it, with these questions of life and death, is purely his own creation. We may reason that it is just a mountain, a physical existence, no less and no more. But for Shelley the mountain embodies all the thoughts he has projected onto it and all those in turn which it has exchanged with him. At the end of the poem, he begs: And what were thou, and earth, and stars, and sea, If to the human minds imaginings Silence and solitude were vacancy? Evidently Shelleys verse demands closer analysis than that of Wordsworth, for he is dealing with a deep psychology in his analysis of Mont Blanc. Is it possible to separate Shelleys manifestation of his own thoughts from his perception of the mountain? The answer is that they are intertwined by design. Mont Blanc did not exist for Shelley to touch, smell or feel. It existed to unlock a state of reflectiveness within himself. The mountain, its concept, was everlasting in Shelleys mind, and he carried it with him over time, transforming it not into metaphor but synthesizing it into experience. WORKS CITED Mont Blanc by P. B. Shelley, 1817

Using a Common App Prompt For Your College Essay

Using a Common App Prompt For Your College EssayUsing a common app prompt for your college essay can be a great way to start out your writing process. One of the things you'll find is that it is simple enough for anyone to take advantage of, yet you'll find there are many words and ideas that can be expressed with this type of prompt. So let's look at how to use this prompt in your college essay.The first thing you'll need to do is to find a common app prompt for your college essay. This will make the choice a little easier on you as well as to make your text easier to write. There are a lot of sites on the internet with examples of common apps, so you can just click on the app you want and begin reading the text. Also, make sure to compare the versions of the app prompts you see, as some versions will be slightly different.After you have found a common app prompt, you'll also want to begin reading the text carefully and trying to read what the author is trying to communicate with th eir words. Look for aspects that relate to the types of apps that you have in mind and start your writing process by trying to reflect that in your writing. Also, keep in mind that while you're looking for the common app, make sure to take into account the main parts of the application. Don't make the mistake of taking any other parts out of the picture as those will only distract from your main point of the story.Once you have decided on a common app prompt, you'll then need to put some time into trying to come up with a story for your student. Remember, the purpose of the essay is to help your student understand your teaching. If the point of the story is not clear enough for your student, then the story is most likely going to get them interested in the subject matter, but not committed to the idea. So give your student a good reason to explore their options and want to take that route with your essay.When you are using a prompt, make sure to think about what you want to say. Are you going to talk about your own personal experiences or are you going to give something that is unique to your student? Once you have created a good writing idea, try to avoid jumping from one topic to another. Keep your focus and your thoughts on one topic, so you can create a strong narrative that will appeal to your student.Your student will be busy, however, so don't allow them to become bored or lose interest in the essay. Keep the theme and keep the content interesting and engaging. Don't forget to be informative and help your student to develop their skills in writing. They will appreciate all the work you put into coming up with a solution to their questions.Another great tip for you to use when using a common app prompt is to make sure that they are provided at least in small print. Some students will be unfamiliar with technical jargon and the end result can be quite off putting. So be sure to make your readers aware of what is being discussed and make them want to find out more about it.After you have done this and you think your student is ready to move onto the next section of the essay, it is a good idea to have them consider why they chose to apply to your school in the first place. That way they will feel more motivated to stay on track and continue to write after you have finished your essay. It can be quite hard to get students to write an essay and they might be reluctant, but doing that for them can help you to determine if they are ready for the next part of the essay or if you should have them go through the entire process again.

A Statistical View of the Juvenile Justice System Essay Example

A Statistical View of the Juvenile Justice System Essay Example A Statistical View of the Juvenile Justice System Paper A Statistical View of the Juvenile Justice System Paper A STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Najja A. Wells California State University, Dominguez Hills Author Note Najja A. Wells, Department of Public Administration, California State University Dominguez Hills Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Najja A. Wells, Department of Public Administration, California State University, Dominguez Hills 1000 E. Victoria Street, Carson, CA 90747 (310)243-3696 Email: [emailprotected] csudh. edu Policy/Issue Americas youth are faced with an ever-changing set of problems and barriers to successful lives. As a result, we are constantly met with the task of developing enlightened policies and programs to address the needs and risks of those youth that enter our juvenile justice system. The policies we create must be based on facts, not fears or negative assumptions. This document will take a look at the current and former statistics of the juvenile justice system in California and the nation in the years ranging from 1995 until present time. Statistics gathered from an array of sources provide insight of the issues of the juvenile system including disparities in racial representation, trends in criminal behavior of juvenile offenders, methods of entrance into the system, gender and age variations in crimes committed, as well as statistics on the demographic, sociological, and economic factors that are indirectly or directly related to juvenile victimization and crime. Together, these statistics dispel common perceptions of the increase in the rate and proportion of young juveniles entering the system, and provide an informed view of the actualities of the juvenile crime rate and juvenile justice system. Background The juvenile justice system was created in the late 1800s to reform U. S. policies regarding youth offenders. â€Å"The juvenile court was founded at the turn of this century as a specialized institution for dealing with dependent, neglected, and delinquent minors. Its guiding principle was parens patrie, a medieval English doctrine that allowed the Crown to supplant natural family relations whenever a child’s welfare was at stake- in other words, to become a substitute parent. † (Greenwood, Lipson, Abrahamse, amp; Zimring, 1983). Since that time, a number of reforms aimed at both protecting the due process of law rights of youth, and creating an aversion toward jail among the young have made the juvenile justice system more comparable to the adult system, a shift from the United States original intent. The juvenile justice system along with other numerous U. S. programs and systems has undergone many periods of change and reform. The reform and social change of the juvenile justice system begun with the Progressive Era reforms and continued with the â€Å"In re Gault† Supreme Court decision of 1967, the Juvenile Delinquency and Prevention and Control Act of 1968, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Control Act of 1974, and the modern â€Å"Get Tough on Crime† legislation. The most prominent and altering reform phase was in 1974. By 1974, the United States had developed a strong momentum toward preventing juvenile delinquency, deinstitutionalizing youth already in the system, and keeping juvenile offenders separate from adult offenders. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 created the following entities: The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), The Runaway Youth Program, and The National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (NIJJDP). History of America’s, 2008) The act of 1974 also offered grants to encourage states to develop community-based programs as alternatives to institutionalization. Law enforcement experimented with the introduction of community-based correctional facilities, such as group homes and halfway houses. (Child or Adult, 2010) The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) compiles arrest information provided by law enforcement agencies each year and creates reports examining the trends, rates a nd statistics of uvenile criminal activity. Every four years the OJJDP publishes a comprehensive study as part of its Juvenile Offenders and Victims National Report Series. The arrest statistics found in these studies are useful for comparing general trends. Existing Problems One of the major and probably most widely known and controversial issues within the juvenile justice system is the apparent disproportional representation of minority offenders in juvenile arrests and delinquency cases. A number of recent surveys have shown that there are profound racial disparities in the juvenile justice system, and that African-American and Hispanic youth are more likely to be tried as adults. They are more likely to receive longer sentences; theyre more likely to be in locked facilities, and on and on and on, even when charged with the same offense as whites. Statistically, race plays a role in the types of crime in which youth become involved. The OJJDP, in its reporting, chronicles how many arrests are made in each of four racial categories – white (includes Hispanic youth), black, American-Indian, and Asian. The study charts arrest rates among different racial groups for specified juvenile crimes. It also compares arrest rates with population rates, and follows arrest rates over time. According to the Juvenile Offender and Victims 2006 National Report, black youth, who accounted for 16% of the juvenile population in 2003, were involved in a disproportionate number of juvenile arrests for robbery (63%), murder (48%), motor vehicle theft (40%), and aggravated assault (38%). The December 2001 bulletin of the Juvenile Offenders and Victims National Report Series published the following statistics on crime in 1999: White youth were arrested for 72 percent of the crime and made up 79 percent of the youth population; black youth were arrested for 25 percent of the crime and made up 16 percent of the youth population, American Indian youth composed 1 percent of the juvenile population and were arrested for 1 percent of the crime, and youth of Asian descent composed 4 percent of the juvenile population and were arrested for 2 percent of the crime (Juvenile crimes demographics, 2008). When looking at the numbers, it appears that juveniles of white descent are actually the ones with a disproportionate representation in the system. This is however untrue. Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) data do not distinguish the ethnic group Hispanic; Hispanics may be of any race. In 2003, 92% of Hispanics ages 10–17 were classified racially as white (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). Although a majority of delinquency cases handled in 2002 involved white youth (1,086,700 or 67%), a disproportionate number of cases involved blacks (473,100 or 29%), given their proportion of the juvenile population. In 2002, white youth made up 78% of the juvenile population (youth ages 10 through the upper age of juvenile court jurisdiction in each state), black youth 16%, and youth of other races 6% (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). The issue of racial disparities is by far not a new concept. A report submitted to the Florida Supreme Court Racial and Ethnic Bias Study Commission in 1990 by two gentlemen D. M. Bishop and C. E. Frazier, revealed that race (if non-white) did make a difference with regard to outcome decisions. According to Bishop and Frazier: â€Å"Nonwhite juveniles processed for delinquency offenses in 1987 received more severe (i. e. , more formal and/or restrictive) dispositions than their white counterparts at several stages of juvenile processing. Specifically, we found that when juvenile offenders were alike in terms of age, gender, seriousness of the offense which prompted the current referral, and seriousness of their prior records, the probability of receiving the harshest disposition available at each of several processing stages was higher for nonwhite than for white youth. These disparities were found to exist for petition, secure detention, commitment to an institution, and transfers to an adult court. † (Pope and Feyerherm, 1995). Concern with racial disparity in the juvenile justice system extends to both sides of the bench. Bridget Jones, former supervisor of the juvenile division of the Santa Clara County Public Defenders Office said, â€Å"The system is not fair. Institutional racism is alive and well in the juvenile justice system, as it is in the criminal justice system. Its easier to identify with people that are more like yourself, so if you have judges that are predominantly from that same community, they can identify. . . . The same thing happens with people who have money versus people who dont have moneyif they can demonstrate a support system that can act as a safety net or think they can act as a safety net for them on the outside; judges are more prone to buy into that. † (Is the system, 2010). The supervising deputy district attorney for the Juvenile Division of the Santa Clara Countys District Attorneys office, Kurt Kumli, concurs with his statement: â€Å"You cant go into any ourtroom in this state and take a look at the kids that are in custody and the kids that are out of custody and deny that there is racial disparity in the juvenile justice system. I think there are a number of reasons why there are racial disparities in the system. The law is skewed with respect to the social factors that are considered, in terms of making a determination of who gets locked up and who doesnt. And since it is skewed in such a way as to essentially favor more affluent kids or to punish kids that are less affluent, that have racial and ethnic consequences. (Is the system, 2010)? Another issue within the juvenile justice system is the inaccuracy of the true amount of juvenile criminal activity. Official records often under represent juvenile delinquent behavior. Many juveniles who commit offenses are never arrested or are not arrested for all their delinquencies. As a result, official records systematically underestimate the scope of juvenile crime. In addition, to the extent that other factors may influence the types of crimes or offenders that enter the justice system, official records may also distort the attributes of juvenile crime. Although official records may be inadequate measures of the level of juvenile offending, they do monitor justice system activity. Analysis of variations in official statistics across time and jurisdictions provides an understanding of justice system caseloads. (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). An alternative method used to gain insight of juvenile delinquent behavior is through self-report studies. Self-report studies ask victims or offenders to report on their experiences and behaviors. Self-report studies can capture information on behavior that never comes to the attention of juvenile justice agencies. Compared with official studies, self-report studies find a much higher proportion of the juvenile population involved in delinquent behavior. Self-report studies, however, have their own limitations. A youth’s memory limits the information that can be captured. This, along with other problems associated with interviewing young children, is the reason that the National Crime Victim ization Survey does not attempt to interview children below age 12. Some victims and offenders are also unwilling to disclose all law violations. Finally, it is often difficult for self-report studies to collect data from large enough samples to develop a sufficient understanding of relatively are events, such as serious violent offending. (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). Age and gender representation and differences in the system is possibly one of the smallest issues within the juvenile justice system. On the whole, far fewer juvenile females than males commit crimes. In 1999, females accounted for only 27 percent of juvenile arrests. In 2000, they accounted for 28 percent of juvenile arrests. Females were most involved in: prostitution/commercialized vice arrests, embezzlement arrests, theft arrests, and runaway arrests. Juvenile females were least involved in rape arrests, sexual offense (excluding rape and prostitution), and gambling and robbery arrests. The arrest rate among young women did not experience the peak and fall that characterized male juvenile arrests during the 1990s. Instead, female juvenile arrest rates have steadily grown for the past 20 years. (Juvenile Crimes-Demographics, 2008). Juveniles are defined by the OJJDP as youth under the age of 18. In 1999, the year analyzed in the OJJDP’s National Report Series, juveniles composed 17 percent of all U. S. arrests. Youth under the age of 15 made up 32 percent of all juvenile arrests. Youth under the age of 15 were most likely to be arrested for arson, vandalism, or assault cases. Youth between 15 and 17 made up 68 percent of all juvenile arrests. Youth between the ages of 15 and 17 were most likely to be arrested for alcohol and drug violation cases. Theft, simple assault, and drug use crimes represented the highest number of arrests overall. (Juvenile crime-demographics, 2008). In 2002, the delinquency case rate for 16-year-olds was 1. 6 times the rate for 14-year-olds and the rate for 14-year-olds was 3. 1 times the rate for 12year-olds. The increase in rates between age 13 and age 17 was sharpest for drug offenses; the rate for drug offenses for 17-year-old juveniles was 8 times the rate for 13-year-olds. (Source: Authors’ adaptation of Stahl et al. ’s Juvenile Court Statistics 2001–2002. ) Most delinquency cases involve older teens. High-school-age juveniles (ages 14 and older) made up 80% of the delinquency caseload in 2002, older teens (ages 16 and older) accounted for 42%. In comparison, middle-school-age juveniles (ages 12 and 13) were involved in 16% of delinquency cases, while juveniles younger than 12 accounted for 5%. (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). A final major issue that deserves examination  within the juvenile justice system is the behavioral, social, and economic factors/ problems that are prevalent in juveniles already in the system and are associated with the expectancy of juvenile delinquency. A recent study using data from NLSY97 explored the factors associated with a youth’s self-reported law-violating behaviors. One significant factor was a youth’s family structure. In general, the research showed that juveniles who lived with both biological parents had lower lifetime prevalence of law-violating behaviors than did juveniles who lived in other family types. For example, the study found that 5% of youth age 17 who lived with both biological parents reported ever being in a gang, compared with 12% of youth who lived in other family arrangements. Similarly, youth at age 17 living with both biological parents reported a lower lifetime prevalence, compared with youth living in other types of families, for a wide range of problem behaviors: marijuana use (30% vs. 0%), hard drug use (9% vs. 13%), drug selling (13% vs. 19%), running away from home (13% vs. 25%), vandalism(34% vs. 41%), theft of something worth more than $50 (19% vs. 17%), assault with the intent to seriously injure (20% vs. 35%). Family structure is correlated with a youth’s race and ethnicity; that is, white non-Hispanic youth are more likely to live in families with two biologi cal parents than are black or Hispanic youth. Therefore, patterns that indicate racial or ethnic differences in self-reported behavior may in reality be reflecting differences in family structure. (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). It is seemingly common belief that juveniles that come from a single-parent household, with more times than often, an incarcerated parent are more likely to become involved in law-violating behaviors. The study also found other factors related to juveniles’ self-reported involvement in law-violating behaviors. The most closely related factor was the presence of friends or family members in gangs. For example, compared with juveniles who did not have friends or families in gangs, those who did were at least 3 times more likely to report having engaged in vandalism, a major theft, a serious assault, carrying a handgun, and selling drugs. They were also about 3 times more likely to use hard drugs and to run away from home. Connectedness to school and/or work also was related to juveniles’ self-reported law-violating behavior. Juveniles who were neither in school nor working had a significantly greater risk of engaging in a wide range of problem behaviors- using marijuana and hard drugs, running away from home, belonging to a gang, committing a major theft or a serious assault, selling drugs, and carrying a handgun. (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). Possible Outcomes if Problem is not solved If the problems within the juvenile justice system are not addressed, and actions are not set forth to reform current policies, the present issues will not only remain, but will become even more pertinent and numbers will continue to increase. New programs have been developed to determine the probability of juvenile delinquency at ages as young as nine (or that of a third grade student). The prison system is a private enterprise that functions on capitalism and profit. Since these agencies have already created systems to classify children and prepare a place for them in a delinquency center before they even complete elementary education, a continued lack of involvement on all levels of society-parents, schools, community, and government will only act as a catalyst for the continued incarceration of youth. There will be a continuous disparity in racial representation, juveniles will receive harsher punishments because of assumed liability, the age of offenders will have slight change, violent crimes will flourish, and the presence of juvenile females in the system will continue to increase. Possible Outcomes if the Problem is Solved To better understand how to improve the juvenile justice system, a combination of self-reports and official recorded data must be integrated together. Carefully used, self-report and official statistics provide insight into crime and victimization. Delbert Elliott, Director of the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, has argued that to abandon either self-report or official statistics in favor of the other is â€Å"rather shortsighted; to systematically ignore the findings of either is dangerous, particularly when the two measures provide apparently contradictory findings. Elliott stated that a full understanding of the etiology and development of delinquent behavior is enhanced by using and integrating both self-report and official record research. (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). An increase in racially diverse judges and personnel within the court system will encourage a decrease in the conviction and harsh punishments implemente d on juveniles of minority backgrounds. In relation to the racial disparities within the juvenile justice system, Judge Ladoris Cordell who erved on the Superior Court of the Santa Clara County offers a solution. She says: â€Å"One way is to increase the number of judges on the bench who are judges who look like the people who come before them. So, if I have judges who are African-American, who are Latino or Latina, who are from the Asian-American communities, they are less likely to engage in that kind of stereotyping when some young kid who is of the same background or same ethnic background comes before that judge. . . . The other is, there are judges who are white, black, whatever, who have those biases. The idea is to address those biases, to get them to address it, which means judicial training. † Trends The reports generated by the OJJDP, although not infallible in representing crime rates, are effective at showing trends and general patterns. The following patterns in juvenile crime have been particularly interesting: * Since 1994 most arrest rates have been in steady decline. Murder arrest rates, for example, were 74% lower in 2000 than they were in 1993. * Between 1987 and 1994 most arrest rates increased sharply. Aggravated assault rates doubled, as did murder rates. * Males drove the 1987-1994 spikes in the murder arrest rate, and the increases were seen in acts committed with firearms. (Juvenile Crime, 2008) A common perception in the last few years was that the rate and proportion of young juveniles (under age 13) entering the juvenile justice system had increased. This statement is not true. In 1980, there were an estimated 1,476 arrests of persons ages 10–12 for every 100,000 persons in this age group in the U. S. population. By 2003, this arrest rate had fallen to 1,296, a decline of 12%. In 1980, 9. 5% of all juvenile arrests were arrests of persons under age 13; in 2003, this percentage had decreased to 8. 5%- with the majority of the decrease occurring during the mid-1990s. (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). Gender-specific factors also influence juvenile arrest trends. If juvenile males and females were contributing equally to an arrest trend, then the female proportion of juvenile arrests would remain constant. A major story in the last few years has been the rise in the proportion of females entering the juvenile justice system. In 1980, 20% of all juvenile arrests were female arrests; in 2003, this percentage had increased to 29%- with the majority of this growth since the early 1990s. The female proportion increased between 1980 and 2003 in juvenile arrests for Violent Crime Index offenses (from 10% to 18%) and for Property Crime Index offenses (from 19% to 32%); however, the female proportion of drug abuse violations arrests was the same in 1980 and 2003 (16%). Between 1980 and 2003, the female percentage of juvenile violent crime arrests increased, with the overall increase tied mainly to aggravated assault arrests. (Snyder and Sickmund, 2006). Between 1994 and 2003, female juvenile arrests either increased more or decreased less than male juvenile arrests in many offense categories (e. g. , driving under the influence, drug abuse violations, simple assault, liquor law violations, and aggravated assault). As a result, while male juvenile arrests declined 22% over the period, female juvenile arrests declined just 3%. Between 1994 and 2003, while both juvenile and adult male arrests for simple assault changed little (1% and –5%, respectively), arrests for both juvenile and adult females increased substantially (36% and 31%, respectively). This implies that the increase in juvenile female arrests for simple assault over the period was a trend for females in general, not for juvenile females specifically. Recommendations To help improve the issues within the juvenile justice system, involvement, reform, and social change has to extend has to extend to all areas of society. Parents must first take a proactive stance in their children’s education and rearing; schools need to provide more after-school programs and alternative learning models for troubled students; the community needs to offer more functional and supportive outreach programs to deter criminal activity; juvenile centers must keep to the purpose of rehabilitating the juveniles instead of inconspicuously preparing for the recurrence of criminal activity, and finally those involved in the courts must work on refraining from racial biases, prejudices, and extraneous sentencing on juveniles. Conclusion The juvenile justice system is full of troubled juveniles that didn’t think they would get caught. Because of harsh and sometimes extraneous legal policies, juveniles are often treated as adults in the system and the purpose of rehabilitation seems only but a distant dream. Unfortunate racial, socioeconomic, gender, and behavioral biases that have been placed upon numerous juveniles continue to cause major discrepancies within the system. A sad byproduct of the issues associated with entering the juvenile system is the label juveniles receive and the social stigmatism after their release. Although there has been evidence of decreases in juvenile criminal activity, the lack of efficient reporting, and continuous exposure of the juvenile justice system’s flaws is still very evident in news reports and the media. Once labeled a juvenile delinquent, these juveniles still will have a difficult time removing that label even if they turn their life around and begin to make better choices. All the negativity associated with the juvenile justice system brings one to question whether enough is being done to prevent the issue, rehabilitate present offenders, and deter future activity. The reformation of the juvenile justice system is a task that cannot rest on the efforts of an individual, or one solitary group. It is not until it becomes a national concern that any change can take place. If the children are our future, then their freedom is our duty. References Basic Statistics. (2001). Retrieved October 11, 2010 from Frontline, Juvenile Justice: bs. org/? wgbh/? pages/? frontline/? shows/? juvenile/? stats/? basic. html. Child or Adult? A Century Long View. (2010). Retrieved from October 25, 2010 Frontline, Juvenile Justice: pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/childadult. html Is the system racially biased? (2010). Retrieved October 11, 2010 from Frontline, Juvenile Justice: pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/bench/race. html Flatley, J, Kers haw, C, Smith, K, Chaplin, R, amp; Moon, D. Home Office, Home Office Statistics Unit. 2010). Crime in England and Wales 2009/2010. United Kingdom: Crown Copyright. Greenwood, P. W. , Lipson, A. J. , Abrahamse, A, amp; Zimring, F. State of California Assembly Rules Committee. (1983). Youth crime and juvenile justice in California: a report to the legislature (Rand-3016-CSA). California: The Rand Corporation History of Americas Juvenile Justice System. (2008). Retrieved October 11, 2010 from Einstein Law, Lawyershop. com: lawyershop. com/? practice-areas/? criminal-law/? juvenile-law/? histor